Tuesday, December 31, 2019
My Life Change John D. - 867 Words
My Life Change John D. was referred to outpatient therapy for substances abuse counseling by his family member. John was a step down patient from residential treatment and has complete Partial Hospitalization as well. John has past treatment episode and states that this is his fifty-four treatment episode. John reports that he has several periods of abstinence three years and then four at another time. He reports having a high school diploma and Associates Degree. John report no past or present legal problems. He also reports no medical problems past or present. John report he is taking psychotropic medication. John states and has from time to time however does not really like to. John reports he worked at Chrystal Motor company for thirty-five years and is currently is retired. John retired from the positon about four years ago. John stated that he would like to have a part time job to keep him occupied. He reports one prior marriage that end in divorce as results of his substance use disorder after he begin using cocaine. He also states he has three adult children and is estrange from them and his sister. John reported that his alcohol use started about the age of fourteen where he drank beer from a family member can every now then. He stated over the years it progresses to a fifth of Crown Royal daily. John state when his alcohol use progress he begins to utilizing his employee assistance program going in out of different treatment programs over a period ofShow MoreRelated John D. Rockefeller Essay1337 Words  | 6 Pagesall away reshaping America. They were the closest thing the country had to a royal family, but the Rockefellers shunned the public eye. For decades, the Rockefeller name was despised in America, associated with John D. Rockefeller Sr.’s feared monopoly, Standard Oil. By the end of his life, Rockefeller had given away half of his fortune. But even his vast philanthropy could not erase the memory of his predatory business practices. Who was Rockefeller? Was he a ruthless businessman who only wantedRead MoreEssay on John D. Rockefeller1369 Words  | 6 Pag esall away reshaping America. They were the closest thing the country had to a royal family, but the Rockefellers shunned the public eye. For decades, the Rockefeller name was despised in America, associated with John D. Rockefeller Sr.s feared monopoly, Standard Oil. By the end of his life, Rockefeller had given away half of his fortune. But even his vast philanthropy could not erase the memory of his predatory business practices. Who was Rockefeller? Was he a ruthless businessman who only wantedRead MoreDiscipleship : Being, Doing And Proclaiming The Gospel Of Jesus Christ1725 Words  | 7 Pagesa growing passion to make life count for eternity through the work of evangelism and discipleship of others for Christ. There is no higher calling in life than to embrace the divine directive to ‘make disciples of all nations,†(Matthew 28:18-20). This paper will establish a brief theological basis for evangelism as a way of life, the power of one s personal testimony, the importance of evangelism and discipleship through relationships. II. Evangelism as a way of life: The passion for evangelismRead MoreThe Americans With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1414 Words  | 6 Pagesacademic accommodations and academic services within the higher education institution (Essex, 2012). According to A. Capolupo (personal communication, February 17, 2017) new students also lack the awareness of the level of commitment college takes. The changes in disability related mandates during the transition from high school to college creates barriers, this causes significant distress for students, families, and instructors. Two significant barriers identified by Senior (2016) are the responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Worlds First Billionaire John D Rockefeller1602 Words  | 7 PagesThe world’s first billionaire John D Rockefeller was born July 8, 1839 in Richford New York. He began his career when he built his first oil refinery near Cleveland Ohio and 1870 incorporated the standard oil company. By the year 1822 he had monopolized the oil industry. John Davidson Rockefeller was the second born of the six Rockefeller children born to William and Eliza Rockefeller. William was a traveling salesman who claimed to have the ability to cure patients with cancer and charged up toRead MoreA Very Long Winded Essay By John Berger1441 Words  | 6 Pagesbased on what they have experience throughout their lives. This idea was presented in a very long winded essay by John Berger. While keeping this idea in the back of my mind I analyze image D form the Orphan Black Stills that we were provided without any prior knowledge of what story this TV show was supposed to tell. After viewing the episode in which the still I had chosen to decipher my views on what occurred changed a surprising amount simply from the context now provided. With context to frameRead MoreGraduation Speech : Becoming A Lifelong Profession1276 Words  | 6 PagesSince my childhood, I have been fascinated by my fourth grade teacher Ms. Amo-Dako because and her dedica tion and passion for her students, and I desired from then on that I wanted to be like her. However, being a part of someone’s life, making a positive change and affecting the world through the next generation attracts me to this occupation. As an aspiring teacher, it is my intent to foster a classroom that will allow the progressive growth of my learners. My goals here are to encourage my studentsRead MoreUse Of Metaphor Intervention : A New Approach For Working With Systems Divided By Conflict And Caught Essay827 Words  | 4 PagesAbbott, H. Porter 2007. Story, plot, and narration.In The Cambridge companion to narrative, ed. David Herman, 39-51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Armenakis, Achilles A., and Arthur G. Bedeian. 1992. The role of metaphors in organizational change. Group and Organization Management, 17: 242-248. Armstrong, David.1992.Managing by storying around: A new method of leadership. New York: Currency. Barrett, Frank J., and David L. Cooperrider 1990. Generative metaphor intervention: A new behavioralRead MoreUnited States Route 661509 Words  | 7 Pagesworld outside of the classroom. Stephanie Jayanandhan wrote an article surrounding the difficulty of defining place (Jayanandhan, 2009). She takes a deeper look into the educational philosophy of John Dewey and his connections to the ideas of environment, experience and democracy (Jayanandhan, 2009). My unit on Route 66 stands firm on the principles of environment from Dewey’s standpoint. It is designed to take the classroom and transform it into an environment outside of the classroom by representationRead MoreLeadership : Finding Your Niche1295 Words  | 6 Pagesexperience? The author John P. Kotter thinks that some are born with characteristics of leadership and that their individual qualities can be supplemented during their youth (Fifer, W. R., 1997). What s more, that education and professional experience can be helpful toward leadership skills, in some people. However, the leadership role goes beyond the daily activities of assigning duties, tracking data, evaluating performance and directing necessary changes (Palmer, D., 2009). Also, taking into
Monday, December 23, 2019
The American Ethos And The Contribution By Franklin
In a lengthy article on the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Sophus A. Reinert makes the claim that Franklin was instrumental through his writings in creating the American ethos in his work on Advice to a Young Tradesman and subsequently played a part a seminal part in the creation of modern capitalism and globalism through his writing on The Way to Wealth. The concepts introduced in the article are summarized and the concept of the American ethos and the contribution by Franklin to modern capitalism are analyzed and critiqued. The first major concept introduced by Reinsert is that Franklin, in his Advice to a Young Tradesman, claimed that â€Å"Time †¦ is Money.†Such a statement, he notes is iconic because â€Å"the commodifying of existence itself helped articulate the emotive core of modern capitalism†(Reinert 61). Franklin is introduced by the author as a â€Å"savant of capitalism†(Reinert 62). There many such statements attributed by Reinert to the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin with the sole purpose of claiming that Franklin played a major role to the globalization of American capitalism. He equates Franklin with the economic status of such great scholars of his time such as Adam Smith who wrote Inquiry into the Nature and the Causes of Wealth of Nations (Reinert 65). Reinert notes that â€Å"Economic works can take many forms across many genres, from the theoretical to the prescriptive, from the hermetic to the popular†and he implies by this statement that although theShow MoreRelatedEncyclopedia Entry : Work Ethic1184 Words  | 5 Pagesexpectation on workers that they should have a good work ethic in order to be selected for better position where it requires more responsibility, recognition of his contribution with higher wages. Contrary, society does not trust the workers, who do not meet the expectation, for being neglect his duties and fail to make contribution to his society. Max Weber, a sociologist and the author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, traced the origin of the work ethic in relation of ethicsRead MoreFdr : A Protagonist Or Antagonist? Essay2098 Words  | 9 PagesJapanese forces. The very next day, Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the United States Congress with his memorable speech including â€Å"a date which will live in infamy.†Next, I would like to bring focus to the rhetorical aspect of the main purpose and the relevance of FDR’s captivating speech. The speech that was held on December 8th. 1941 had two purposes. One was to urge Congress to formally declare war on Japan and the other purpose was to rally the American people to support the war effort, togetherRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1915 Words  | 8 Pagespolitical figures such as American President Harry S. Truman and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were some of the most politically and socially persuasive figures during this time of the World War. Both Winston Churchill and Harry S. Truman use persuasive means to encourage the people of the United States to accept their decisions made to help in the war effort, as Churchill desperately desired Allied help on the war front, and he and Truman would have to convince the American public to stand behindRead MoreRevisiting, Revising, and Reviving Americas Founding Era6252 Words  | 26 PagesMost Americans nowadays like to think that they have the American Revolution pretty well figured out. Conventional wisdom starts the saga in 1763 when Britain, saddled with debt at the close of the Seven Years War, levied new taxes that prompted her American colonists to resist, and then to reject, imperial rule. Having declared independence and defeated the British, American patriots then drafted the constitution that remains the law of the land to this day. With George Washingtons inaugurationRead MoreEthics and Pic4307 Words  | 18 PagesRestoration c. French Revolution d. 100 Years War e. Emergence of Christianity 3. Who considered that merchants should have no political influence? a. Thomas Aquinas b. John Calvin c. Aristotle [pic] d. Thomas Carlyle e. Benjamin Franklin 4. What was the key idea with respect to Work that was developed during the Reformation? a. The distinction between necessary and non-productive work b. Work as duty c. Work as a vocation [pic] d. Work based on religion e. Work for work’sRead MoreBusiness organisation Essay5280 Words  | 22 PagesTEACHING NOTES Barclaycard Bernardo Bà ¡tiz-Lazo and Nurdilek Hacialioglu with contributions by Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat and Douglas Wood 1. INTRODUCTION The case study is concerned with how a long-standing market leader tries to maintain market share and develop its business in an industry undergoing significant change. Students are challenged to formulate, evaluate and compare a range of strategic options and to choose the best way forward for Barclaycard 2. POSITION OF THE CASE TheRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words  | 319 Pagesdespaired about ever bringing this book to fruition. This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1. Charisma, Routinization, and Rastafari 2. Dread Uprising: The Emergence of Rastafari 3. Babylon and Dread Revitalization 4. The Ethos of Rastafari: Structure, Ideology, and Ritual 5. â€Å"Coming in from the Cold†: Rastafari and the Wider Society 6. Rastafari Rules: Bearers of Jamaican Popular Culture 7. Summary and Conclusions Appendix: A Review of the Literature on Rastafari Notes Read MoreBoard Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors11390 Words  | 46 Pageshighlighting the criteria used in appointing directors and the associated implications of social capital for board dynamics. Issues raised include the inï ¬â€šuence of these on board performance and the ability of individual directors to make an effective contribution as board members. The conclusions highlight the various mythologies associated with the value of board diversity. Keywords: Diversity, board composition, social capital, board dynamics, social network ties Introduction W *This paper wasRead MoreHealthcare Essay18323 Words  | 74 Pagesdifferently from the systems in Europe. American values and the social, political, and economic antecedents on which the US system is based have led to the formation of a unique system of health care delivery, as described in Chapter 1. This chapter discusses how these forces have been instrumental in shaping the current structure of medical services and how they are likely to shape its future. The evolutionary changes discussed here illustrate the American beliefs and values (discussed in ChapterRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words  | 820 PagesFactors Influencing Ethical Behavior . . . Figure 15.2. Multiple Loyalties of Information Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 15.3. Normative Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 15.4. The Code of Ethics of the American Library Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 16.1. A Model of the Communication Process . Figure 16.2. A Classification of Types of Media According to Their Communication Richness . . . . . . Figure 16.3. Five Styles of Handling
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Psch3 Free Essays
Kendall Fretwell Assignment 3 1. | Changes in sexual maturity which occur during puberty are referred to as  Secondary  sex characteristics. | 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Psch3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now | The first ejaculation in boys is called  Spermarche. | 3. | Girls who are sexually active are also more likely to have experienced early  Menstruation . | 4. | Approximately  one third  of teen pregnancies in the U. S. end in abortion. | 5. | Many researchers feel that recognition of one’s feelings of same-sex attraction begin as early as  self recognition . | 6. | Mary is a biological female who identifies psychologically and emotionally as male. Mary is  Transgender. | 7. The incidence of illicit drug use among teens was  higher  in the 1990s than in the 1970s. | 8. | Sylvia, although extremely thin, looks in the mirror and sees excessive body fat. She exercises obsessively and eats very little. Sylvia might be diagnosed as having  Anorexia nervosa. | 9. | Piaget’s concept of  Self-Expression enables teens to understand metaphors and symbols. | 10. | Goals which are based on a desire for self-improvement a re referred to as  mastery  goals. | 11. | Jason works out regularly at the gym. He is one of the best players on his soccer team. Jason’s goal to be the best on his team is an example of a n)  Task/ego involvement goal. | 12. | The last of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is the  Genital stage. | 13. | Erikson used the term  gender-role identity to refer to the period when an adolescent is troubled by a lack of identity. | 14. | An individual whose gender-role identity is  androgynous would perceive herself or himself as having both feminine and masculine traits. | 15. | Sometimes Kohlberg’s stage of social system and conscience is known as the  Law and Order stage. | 16. |  Antisocial Behavior is defined as antisocial behavior which includes law-breaking. 17. | A combination of cliques forms a  tribe . | 18. | Homosexual teens become aware of their same-sex attractions at about the age of  9 . Heterosexual teens become aware of their opposite-sex attractions at about the age of  11 . | 19. | Response inhibition depends on the ability of the  limbic system  of the brain to regulate the limbic system. | 20. | Changes in the heart and lungs that take place in young adulthood are likely not to be noticeable except during. | 21. | Regarding immune function: immature T cells are made in the  bone marrow  and they mature in the  thymus . 22. | In the Alameda study on health and aging, only  marital status and monthly personal income were found to be unrelated to mortality. | 23. | HIV stands for  Human Immunodeficiency Virus. | 24. | In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a young adult has to have been exhibiting the behavior since  development . | 25. | Lorie is in her late twenties. She has been unable to hold a job for more than 3 months at a time and she quickly gets bored with her relationships. Her moo d tends to be unstable and she is short tempered. Lorie may suffer from  Cyclothymia. | 26.  Post-operational Development thought is associated with a fifth stage of cognitive development. | 27. | The most common modification in academic settings for students with disabilities is  extra  time for taking tests. | 28. | College women in the U. S. and Europe use a  60%   number of study skills than men. | 29. | African American students who attend historically Black institutions show more gains in both  education  and  skills  competence than those who attend predominantly White colleges. | 30. |  intimacy versus isolation argued that the central crisis of early adulthood dealt with issues of isolation and intimacy? | 31. Jack has settled into his new life as a retiree. He has friends and activities and feels a happy sense of stability in his new life. Jack is in Levinson’s  Culmination phase. | 32. | One factor t hat correlates with marital success is each partner’s attachment to his or her  personality. | 33. | Close friendships rely on mutual  trust  and personal  friendship . | 34. | Work-family conflict more strongly influences  career decisions. | 35. | One strategy for coping with conflicts between work and family life is to redefine family  time . | 36. | Young drivers exhibit  more  lapses in attention and driving errors than middle-aged drivers. 37. | Fifty-year-old Mr. Evans has started experienced difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. These changes might indicate that Mr. Jones is experiencing  Erectile dysfunction. | 38. | The last phase of menopause is called the  Postmenopausal phase. | 39. | Bernice is 45. At least once a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night wringing wet with sweat. She is having  hot flashes , a form of  early menepause . | 40. | The loss of bone mass is called   osteoporosis and begins at around age  30 . | 41. | Paul’s family is getting tired of having to repeat everything they say to him because he has difficulty hearing. He goes to an audiologist and finds that he has  hearing loss , so the audiologist recommends a hearing aid. | 42. |  heart  disease is the most common cause of death for adults in the U. S. | 43. | The personality characteristic which seems to be the biggest contributor to cardiovascular disease is  stress . | 44. | High  cholesterol  diets seem to increase the risk of some forms of cancer while high  vegetable  diets seem to decrease the risk of other forms of cancer. | 45. | Among women, death from  breast cancer  is considerably more likely than death from heart disease. | 46. Overall physical health and cognitive performance in middle adulthood are most closely linked to  Physical and Cognitive Development. | 47. |  Episodic memory is recollection of specific events;  Semantic memory is the recollection of general knowledge and facts. | 48. |  List the three phases of menopause in order. Identify what hap pens to hormone levels in each phase. | Perimenopause-It is the result of changing levels of ovarian hormones in your body. Estrogen levels decline, but they do so unevenly. Sometimes they can even be higher than when you were younger Natural Menopause Postmenopause Postmenopause- small amount of estrogen How to cite Psch3, Papers
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Save the Earth free essay sample
Driving a car is the most air polluting act an average citizen commits. Air pollution is not a good idea for a variety of reasons, large and small. The right ideas for remediation of environmental degradations involve unselfish and compassionate behavior, a scarce commodity. The right ideas involve long-term planning, conservation and a deep commitment to preserving the natural world. Without a healthy natural environment, there will be few or no healthy humans. To understand air pollution you can consider a simple schematic that divides a big problem into components. 1. Local effects -e. g. poisoning humans breathing bad air. 2. Regional effects fallout from airborne pathogens infections, particles, chemicals. 3. Global effects changing interactions between the atmosphere and sun, weather effects, effects on plants and oceans. Developments in the media made green the slogan for action to limit the adverse effects of air pollution. The media often suggested that this is a relatively new consensus that there is an environmental crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on Save the Earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They excused people who have ignored the effect of greenhouse gases on climates over the past 40 years. Some know what is really going on out there, but most people do not know or know but deny the obvious for selfish reasons. Green refers to the color of chlorophyll in plants. Chlorophyll is the basis of photosynthesis that allows plants to turn the suns energy into life energy. Human action destroys plants and replaces healthy ecosystems with concrete and asphalt. Another slogan that emerged was save planet earth. Humans will not save the planet. The task for humans is to stop destroying the environments that sustain us. If we fail, the planet will do just fine without us.
Friday, November 29, 2019
Safeway Supermarket Essay Essay Example
Safeway Supermarket Essay Essay Safeway Company has policies that require employees to smile at and do oculus contacts with clients. Most of the clients would see this sort of facial gestures as a friendly manner of making concern. but some clients might misconstrue them as a â€Å"flirt†. Twelve employees had filed ailments about this â€Å"Superior Service†policy and found it unethical for the company to hold clandestine shoppers to descry if there is any lawbreaker. This led to Union to acquire involved and suggest the company to modify the policy. However. the central offices disagreed that the policy was the cause of the misinterpretation. And they think it is necessary to develop their employees to be friendly and holding the right attitude to function their clients. Analysis of the Case We will write a custom essay sample on Safeway Supermarket Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safeway Supermarket Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safeway Supermarket Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Due to the â€Å"Superior Service†Policy implemented by Safeway. clients have two typical letter writer illations on the employees:* Positive: A friendly manner of making concern.* Negative: Employee purpose or effort to chat up with the clients. Although the instances of clients holding a negative letter writer illations on the Safeway Employees is little nevertheless it was a major concern which lead the Union to be involved and accordingly the Policy to be abolished. Q1. How. specifically. is the procedure of ascription illustrated in this instance? Causal Attribution is study on the causes of behaviour based on the followers: * Internal: based on actions for which the person is responsible. * External: based on state of affairss over which the person has no control. Majority of the clients are utilizing Positive letter writer illations to associate the employees to be friendly. The internal causes might be the employees are friendly. helpful and socially natured persons. On the other manus. the external causes might be the employees need to purely follow by the Policy of implemented by Safeway. Culture and norm practiced in Safeway. fright of being sent of Smile School. portion of their KPI and Job Descriptions. Certain clients are utilizing Negative letter writer illations to associate the employees to be coquettish. The internal causes are likely due to the â€Å"Easy going†and â€Å"very social†personalities of the employees. On the other hands the external causes are due to the enlisting and choice procedure in Safeway. the civilization of the company. The negative letter writer illations might be due to the following perceptual prejudices:* Fundamental ascription mistake* Halo consequence* Similar-to-me consequence* First feeling mistake* Selective perceptual experience* Pigeonholing Q2. What do you supposed is being done to assist develop people to be friendlier toward clients? In other words. what would you conceive of goes on in Safeway’s â€Å"Smile Schools†? Learning is procedure where a comparatively lasting alteration in behavior happening as a consequence of experience. Operant Conditioning is the signifier of acquisition in which people associate the effects of their actions with the actions themselves. Normally the behaviours with positive effects are acquired whilst the behaviours with negative effects tend to be eliminated. Observational Learning is the signifier of acquisition in which people get new behaviours by consistently detecting the wagess and penalties given to others. For Safeway to efficaciously develop the employees to be friendlier. a assortment of developing techniques should be used. Either the preparation should be conducted officially in category in the Smile School and later via on occupation preparation. The Smile School categories should include developing on basic communicating accomplishments. recognizing accomplishments. client relationship accomplishments. Role Play should be included as an effectual manner to integrate the transportation of cognition and accomplishments of the engagement. support of the cognition acquired. Participant can associate to existent life experiences and trainers can measure defects and supply feedback. One of the Role Play should include scenario how to manage hard client under assorted state of affairss. The formal preparation and on occupation preparation would supply both positive and negative support. Positive support is the procedure by which people learn to execute behaviours that lead to the presentation of desired results while negative support is the procedure by which people learn to execute Acts of the Apostless that lead to the remotion of unsought events. Training should be conducted uninterrupted and ongoing so that it will be a uninterrupted support in which all desired behaviours are reinforced. Reinforcement should avoid penalty and should merely be used penalty as the last resort. The aim of penalty is diminishing the unwanted behaviour by following it with unwanted effects. Q3. Describe what you believe might be the progressive subject measure outlined in the warning missive to unfriendly Safeway clerks. Once preparation has been completed and the desired results still have non been reached. Safeway could follow taking progressive subject stairss as illustrated in the diagram below: It is a systematic and progressive method to reenforce the coveted consequence. The coveted consequence and the defects must be communicated decently. Written warning must spell out what is required from the employees. what are the defects. what action will be taken and the effects.
Monday, November 25, 2019
Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior
Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior Topography is a term used in applied behavior analysis (ABA) to describe behavior- specifically what behavior looks like. Topography defines behavior in an operational way, free of the coloration of values or expectation. By describing the topography of behavior, you avoid many of the problematic terms that find their way into definitions of behaviors. Disrespect, for example, is more often a reflection of the teachers reaction than the students intent. By contrast, the phrase refusing to comply with a direction would be a topographical description of the same behavior. The Importance of Topography Clearly defining the topography of behavior is especially important for creating appropriate interventions for children whose disabilities are in part defined by behavior, such as emotional and behavioral disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. Teachers and administrators without extensive experience or training in dealing with behavioral disabilities often overreact and create more problems by focusing on the social constructs surrounding misbehavior without observing the actual behavior. When they do so, these educators are focusing on the function of a behavior rather than its topography. The function of a behavior describes why the behavior occurs, or the purpose of the behavior; whereas, the topography of the behavior describes its form. Describing the topography of the behavior is much more objective- you are simply stating objectively what happened. The function of the behavior tends to be much more subjective- you are trying to explain why a student exhibited a certain behavior. Topography Versus Function Topography and function represent two very different ways of describing a behavior. For example, if a child throws a tantrum, to explain the topography of the behavior, it would not be enough for a teacher to simply say the child threw a tantrum. A topographical definition might state: The child threw herself on the floor, and kicked and screamed in a high-pitched voice. The child did not make physical contact with other individuals, furniture, or other items in the environment. The functional description, by contrast, would be open to interpretation: Lisa became angry, swung her arms and tried to strike other children and the teacher while screaming in that high-pitched voice she often uses. Each description could be defined as a tantrum, but the former contains only what the observer saw, whereas the latter includes interpretation. It is not possible to know, for example, that a child intended to injure others through a topographical description, but paired with an antecedent, behavior, consequence (ABC) observation, you may be able to determine the function of the behavior. It is often helpful to have several professionals observe the same behaviors and then provide both functional and topographical descriptions. By observing the antecedent- what happens immediately before the behavior occurred- and determining the function of the behavior as well as describing its topography, you gain additional insights into the behavior that you are observing. By combining these two methods- decribing the topography of a behavior and determining its function- educators and behavior specialists can help chose a replacement behavior and create an intervention, known as a behavior intervention plan. Loaded Descriptions Versus Topography To truly understand how topography might describe a behavior, it can be helpful to look at loaded (emotionally tinged) descriptions of a given behavior versus topographical descriptions (objective observations). Behavioral Learning Solutions offers this method of comparing the two: Loaded Description Topography Sally got angry and started throwing items during circle time trying to hit others with the items. The student threw items or released items from her hand. Marcus is making progress and, when prompted, can say â€Å"buh†for bubbles. The student can make the vocal sound â€Å"buh†Karen, happy as always, waved goodbye to her teacher. The student waved or moved her hand from side to side. When asked by an assistant to put away the blocks, Joey got mad again and threw the blocks at the assistant trying to hit her. The student threw blocks on the floor. Guidelines for Topography of a Behavior When describing the topography of a behavior: Avoid value-laden descriptions, such as good, best, and bad.Describe as much of the behavior as you can in as objective a manner as possible.Ask another professional to observe the behavior and review the topographical description.Set aside time to observe the behavior more than once. The topography of a behavior may also be referred to as the operational definition of behavior.
Friday, November 22, 2019
Sacro-Occipital Technique (SOT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Sacro-Occipital Technique (SOT) - Essay Example Similarly, he attended the Nebraska College of Chiropractic where he obtained a degree in 1924. He studied the works of leaders in both osteopathic and chiropractic professions incorporating his engineering background because he felt that there were contradictions within the professions. He divided his time to both the practice and researching the principles of chiropractic techniques until his death in 1992.This technique was developed by Major DeJarnette during his years in patient care and research while seeking chiropractic treatment. This method was designed because of the need to assist the chiropractor to locate and correct a distortion in the primary pattern of the body. The procedures used in diagnosing Sacro occipital techniques are classified into three categories namely; category one, category two, and category three. Category one occurs due to subluxated or misalignment of sacro- iliac joint. This misalignment leads to titling the sacrum and rotation of the hip. Titling of sacrum eases the ability of pumping making cerobro- spinal fluid to circulate ineffectively. This inefficiency leads to increase in toxin in the nervous system and lack of nutrients. Category one indicators arise due to the reduction in functioning of nerve system and might affect numerous organs and tissues in the body. The other assessment procedure is done by diagnosing category two. This category occurs due to stretching of sacro-iliac joint leading to separation of joint surfaces. This disrupts the spine right up position, nervous system and body balance. There is a disc which is located between the spinal vertebrae and their main function is spacers between bones and shock absorption. In case the body is working ineffectively the spaces they lead to alteration of the discs, which might irritate the nerves. In correction of category one misalignment, chiropractor is supposed to use two blocks which he or she
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
THE LOTTERY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
THE LOTTERY - Essay Example In this case, Jackson questions this tradition implicitly by stating that the villagers are not very conscious about the actual lottery but still continue to conserve its tradition (Jackson 7). The writer reveals how rationalizing such a primal tradition makes it difficult to view any rituals involved as anything but hypocritical. As a result, only readers can see the madness of this tradition by the villagers. The theme of tradition is very applicable today. Much emphasis and emotional value is placed on yearly celebrations such as Christmas and New Year’s Day. On top of these emphases, consumerism marks both traditions and impairs any rational judgment required to rethink their rue values to society. Christmas today cannot be celebrated without overindulging in shopping behavior and bodily consumption to the extent that shoppers get violent when products sell out in stores. I think society’s blind adoption of excessive consumption during Christmas as a tradition allows it cover its ears to any logic and has ultimately become part of its
Monday, November 18, 2019
Museum Visit 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Museum Visit 1 - Assignment Example The mesmerizing sculptures were a depiction of life different from the modern world. Hence, these sculptures and portraits are the reminder of the people and civilization which was prominent, powerful, victorious and alive, but don’t existent anymore (" Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University") The work which intrigued me most was the Mummy Mask of a Lady whose artist was unknown and which belonged to 7th-6th Century BCE. Funeral ceremony in ancient Egypt included sculpted masks tradition, which was made for the deceased person to strengthen his spirit for the afterlife sake. Hence, these burial masks contained specifications in engraved form of a deceased person. Prominent Royal Family Members wore burial masks with specifications of their rank, status, gender, beauty and personality attributes. Thus, youth, beauty and royalty were the evident features of such masks. Ancient Egyptians believed that spirits can recognize its body through the mask. Moreover, death was a transitional process for them, a journey from one life to the other. Therefore, these masks were considered to be objects which had a power to turn a mortal into divine state. Masks hold significant position in the prevailing society as well. Thus, these invisible masks are often worn on daily bases, as available in the form of hypocrisy, selfishness, greed, lust and many more. In the prevailing society the aim of these masks, is to attain wealth. However, the ancients wore masks to become immortals. Since, there is a lack of agreement of life after death in the prevailing society therefore, people wore mask to gain material benefits only in this life. The Mummy Mask of a Lady transcended me into a different dimension of time. A time where funerals took over 70 days, mask of a deceased was a symbol or verification object to enter into another life with an identity. The peculiar features of the mask embossed the status of the deceased, in a life; which was over for him. However,
Saturday, November 16, 2019
An Assessment Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay
An Assessment Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay Nowadays, we are in a highly dynamic and competitive business globe. Hencea key person or top management of any organization tries to earn a larger share of the existing market. In such an environment, Information Technology (referred to henceforth as IT) and Information Systems (referred to henceforth as IS) would sharpen the business process and smooth the functions of the day-to-day operations. Although there are number of software or ISs are available in an organization, Human Resources Information System (referred to henceforth as HRIS) is the only system which takes care of human capital of the organization. Therefore, it is very important to have an effective and efficient HRIS and it should be maintained properly. Especially, infrastructure of the telecommunication organizations should be consisted with innovative technologies to cater quality service through their satisfied staff. Human Resources (referred to henceforth as HR) Department should pay more attention to achieve the desires of internal customers such as employees, middle managers and senior managers. According to the pilot survey, nearly all the employees in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC are using HIRS which has been implemented island wide. Existing users are facinga lot of system issues such as outdated, incorrect, inconsistent data, less reliability and user-friendliness, low performance, insufficient user training and most importantly poor contribution in making decisions. Theseissues mightheavily affectthe companys HR functions. The main objectives of this study are to assess the effectiveness of existing HRIS implemented in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC and identify its implications, advantages of introducing Online Performance Appraisal System (referred to henceforth as OPAS) to support the Strategic Human Resource Management (referred to henceforth as SHRM) in same organization context. To achieve the above objectives, the researcher has to address different aspects and various categories of employees and all managerial and technical difficulties in using the system, user trainings, inaccuracy of data, and use of web base sub sets of HRIS, etc. Conceptual Background Main focus of this section is to describe the main concepts which would be used in the entire research study. What isHuman Resource Information Systems? Tannenbaum(1990, p. 27) defines that Human Resource Information System is the system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve and distribute related information regarding an organizations human resources.Nowadays, HRIS functionality includes corporate communication, recruitment, selection, training, employee opinion survey, compensation, payroll services and employee verification as well as general information (NgaiWat 2006). Same time HRIS assists HR professionals to focus on human capital analysis, but simply having more information does not automatically lead to a better analysis (Roehling et al. 2005). HRIS is an important tool for many businesses. Even the small office needs to realize the benefits of using HRIS to be more efficient. Normally,HR system should provide the capability to plan, control and manage HR costs more effectively; achieve improved efficiency and quality in HR decision making; and improve employee and managerial productivity and effectiveness. They also provide centralized location for company policies, announcements, and links to external URLs, reliable communication processes and save paper by providing an easy-access. There are two types of IS for HR Professional. The software available as web-based and desktop based. More popular some HRIS modules are: Recruitment Attendance and Leave Organization charts Employee self-service (Employees can update personal information and view benefits selections, absence transactions and payroll information) Automatic alerts Benefits Administration (Save paper and postage, take weeks off the benefits open enrollment period, reduce administration time, and improve data accuracy) Training and developments What is Human Resources management? Human Resources management is the process of managing human capital in organizations in a systematic and structured manner. This covers the job analyses, planning, recruiting the right people for the job in right time, managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, training and development, performance evaluation, resolving disputes, and communicating with all employees within the organization. What is the Performance Appraisal System? The Performance Appraisal System (referred to henceforth as PAS) is a software program which provides the facility to evaluate an individual employees performance and productivity link with objectives of the organization and pre-defined criteria in systematic way. Generally, performance appraisal interview is conducted once a year. Some companies have implemented mid-year review to monitor the progress of achieving individual targets. In the process of PA interviewing supervisor provides feed back to the employees, recommend trainings, and discuss compensation, disciplinary decisions, or job status. Performance management systems would align and manage organizations resources in order to achieve corporate goals through highest possible performance. What is the Strategic Human Resource Management? The strategic human resource management is relationship of strategic goals and objectives of the organization, with human resources in order to increase productivity, flexibility, to develop organizational culture and competitive advantage. HSRM involves as a strategic SHRM partner to achieve corporate goals through human resources functions such as employee selection, recruitment, carrier development, benefit management, etc. Main features of SHRM: There is a precise relationship with overall organizational strategic goals and HR policies and practices. HR management delegates much of their responsibilities down the line. There are some organizing schemas linking individual HR interventions mutually supportive. Contextual Background This section covers the current context of the research study in brief. A pilot survey was conducted to identify the contextual background of the Sri Lanka Telecoms (referred to henceforth as SLT) HRIS and used a semi-structured interview guide line to interview six senior managers who are attached to the HR group and other user group who are involving implementation and currently using the HRIS. Through the pilot survey the researcher has identified the problems of the context. Furthermore, SLT Annual reports were referred to in order to identify their policies and practices and also Telecom Management Information System (hereinafter referred as TMIS) documents such as user guides, architecture, diagrams were referred. At present,Sri Lanka Telecom is the leading Telecommunications Service Provider in Sri Lanka. For the first time SLT introduced a HRIS in year 2000 through a local company. It included very basic HR functions and facilitated simple operations. However in year 2005 the system was upgraded and currently using new version which has many automated HR processes keeping up-to- date employee records such as payroll, Attendance, personal information, training and development, benefit management, etc. Chief Officer Human Resource (referred to henceforth as CHRO) of Sri Lanka Telecom stated that SLT had spent around 30 Million LKR for Telecom Management Information System to upgrade the entire HR system in 2005. Although, SLT is paying approximately 1.5 million LKR for the annual maintenance of HRIS there are some technical and managerial issues available. Most of the users who are using existing system face lot of -issues such as out dated, incorrect, inconsistent, information less reliability and user-friendliness, low performance, insufficient user training and especially poor contribution in decision making. Human Recourse activities are very important for any organization to carry out their day to day business activities. As displaying in Figure 1.1, there are twenty sub modules are available in TMIS and it starts from employee recruitment to termination.HR processes include HR planning, exam assessment information, recruitment, Employee Information Manager, transfers, promotions, payroll, bonus, training development, attendance leave, disciplinary, welfare benefit management (e.g. loan, housing loan, medical reimbursement, circuit bungalow reservations, quarters allocation). Module Overview of the Telecom Management Information System C:UsersSLTUSERDesktopTMIS Diagrams.jpg Figure 1.1.HRM Enterprise Module Overview.Reprinted from TMISV2 System Architecture Document (p.11), by Hsenid Business Solutions,2005. Reprinted with permission. Research Issue Although, Sri Lanka Telecom PLC has been using the existing Human Resources Information System for the last decade, there is no sufficient improvement in human resource management and it does not support the strategic decision making. Furthermore, manual performance appraisal stem is not contributed to the strategic human resource management effectively and efficiently. Purpose of the research The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of existing Human Resource Information System implemented in Sri Lanka Telecom Public Listed Company (referred to henceforth as PLC)and to understand weather existing sub systems and web-based applications are supported to the strategic human resource management adequately. Especially HRIS should be contributed to the decision making in human resource management. Outcome of this research would contribute to the body of knowledge by filling existing gap in strategic human resource management of HRIS at SLT studies by analyzing senior HR mangers, middle HR mangers and senior officers of other user groups who are engaged in human resources group as well as Human resources information system. This study would determine the advantages of online performance appraisal system further for strategic human resource management at Sri Lanka Telecom PLC. Significance of the Study All employees are using SLT HIRS in their day-to-day activities to fulfill various individual, operational and managerial requirements. Currently, SLT has implemented the HR system island wide (All groups, divisions in head office and regional offices). Most of the users who are using existing system face lot of issues such as out dated, incorrect, inconsistent data, less reliability and user-friendliness, low performance, insufficient user training and most importantly poor contribution in making decisions. which might affect the operations relating to the HR matters such as salary, overtime (OT) and Bata payments, maintaining employee master records, attendance, leave and benefit management (Issuing loan, medical reimbursement, etc..)etc. Therefore, it is necessary to have an assessment of all subject modules in existing HRIS and identify the advantages of automating the performance appraisal system (referred to henceforth as PAS). We have to gather ideas from different aspects, and various categories of employees including senior managers. All managerial and technical difficulties in using HRIS, training requirements, inaccuracy of data, barriers to maintain up to date records, use of web base sub system, etc., need to be addressed. It is also necessary to assess existing HRIS and its relevance to the strategic human resource management in line with the organizational HR goals. Objectives and Research Questions Table 1.1 Objectives and Research Questions of the Study. Objectives Research Questions To identify the features of HRIS What is HRIS? What are the features of HRIS at SLT? To evaluate the existing HRIS for Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) How existing system is supported to strategic human resource management? How web-based applications are useful to strategic human resource management at SLT? To identify the advantages of Online Performance Appraisal System (OPAS) for Strategic Human Resources Management(SHRM) at SLT What is performance appraisal system? What are the advantages of online performance appraisal system for strategic human resource management at SLT? Note. Researchers work Research Method and Design Research approach The researcher uses deductive approach since general quantitative data would be moving to the particular situations of organizations. Time horizon Researcher gathered data one time interviewing from senior managers in a pilot survey and through e-mailing the research questionnaire to the sample group within the SLT. Therefore, time horizon is cross sectional. Population, Sample Sample Techniques All employees in SLT have been considered as population. Sampling process of the research is based on the stratified random sampling technique. Data collection methods and procedures 1. Semi-structured interviews Six interviews were conducted with senior managers in SLT based on semi-structured interview guide line. 2. Questionnaire Research questionnaire was designed using the liker scale method and e-mailed to the sample group. 3. Journal articles and work papers Journal articles and work papers were used to find out more information on previous research work relevant to HRIS, HRM, PAS and SHRM. 4. SLT annual reports and TMIS documents Annual reports and TMIS documents were referred. Internet / web sites Refer online journal articles, text books, etc. Scope of the study / Delimitations Existing HRIS contains twenty separate modules to provide HR practices such as Human Resource Planning, Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, Time and Attendance, Disciplinary, Payroll, Welfare and Performance Appraisal, etc. SLT HRIS is same as traditional HR services which provided conventional HR systems in other organizations. Four out of twenty modules (Recruitment, HR Planning, Exam Assessment and Disciplinary) are not being using and Performance Appraisal module is not yet implemented. In this study, researcher hopes to evaluate the existing HRIS and its usefulness for strategic human resource management and identifies the advantages of sophisticated On-line Performance Appraisal System which will improve the strategic human resources management at SLT. Organization of this dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction -This chapter contains the background of this study, research issue, significance of the study and its objectives. Literature survey would be discussed under chapter 2 which include spats studies and their findings. It also highlights the existing gaps in body of knowledge and discovers the potential contribution of the current research to fill the gap. Mainly, chapter 3 explains the Research Methodology of the study which includes research philosophy, approach, strategy and conceptual framework of this research. Conceptual framework is developed identifying context of the study. Furthermore, select the suitable statistical methods to analyze the data. The researcher elaborate the results and present using appropriate graphs, charts and tables using statistical software packages would be consider in Chapter 4 called Data Analysis. Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations Point out the observations, findings of this study and highlights the future researches for the potential researchers. Chapter Conclusion This section briefs the facts of the entire research study. Present business world is very competitive and running with the state-of-the-art technology. Many organizations use Information Systems in four levels (strategic level, management level, knowledge level and operational level) in their day-to-day operations. HR Department uses HRIS for the workforce management. However Human Resource Information System implemented in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC has lot of issues, such as insufficient user training and less supportive for the decision making at each organizational level. Therefore, main objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of existing Human Resource Information System in SLT and its usefulness for Strategic Human Resource Management to identify the advantages of Online Performance Appraisal System which will advance the Strategic Human Resources Management at SLT. Outcome of this research would contribute to the body of knowledge by filling existing gap in strategic human resource management of HRIS at Sri Lanka Telecom PLC.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
The Androgyne in Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays
The Androgyne in As You Like It   The androgyne is a strong figure that mentally joins the female and male characteristics together as one (American Heritage). Androgyny does not only refer to the physical senses it also refers to the cultural and social aspects of daily life. There are two main types of androgyny that were applied during the Renaissance which are referred to as mythic and satiric androgyny (Orgel, 38). Satiric androgyny mainly deals with "feminized male figures and unfixed, unstable individual identities, and is essentially negative," (Hermaphrodites, 1). Mythic androgyny consists of "cross-dressers, water imagery and the fluid individual identity, and is essentially positive," (Hermaphrodites, 2).  As You Like It is based on the concepts included in Mythic androgyny. We find that Rosalind dresses as a man after she is banished from the court, yet her actions continue to revert back to her female characteristics. Her disguise would be considered cross-dressing and her changing could be considered as being the fluid individual identity. The fluid individual identity is a way of saying that she changes her own identity. When Rosalind is talking with Celia or Touchstone, she takes on her female identity, but when Rosalind talks with Orlando she takes on the male identity of Ganymede.  As You Like It starts out in the court, where Rosalind in a female dressed as a female, and Orlando is a male dressed as a male. Rosalind is being treated like a woman and she clearly acts like one. She attends the wrestling match, where her uncle, Duke Frederick, asks her and Celia, her cousin, to try on talk Orlando out of participating in the match. This is the point when Rosalind and Orlando meet, coerce, and begin having feelings for each other. Orlando does in fact defeat Charles, the Duke's wrestler. In this situation, Rosalind is portraying a female with typical female characteristics and Orlando is carrying out his male characteristics. In the court, they are in there true societal roles, but once they enter the forest of Ardenne those roles are dramatically changed.  "The androgynous woman literally incorporates the independence that the male was designed to exemplify prior to the introduction of woman, but the male who depends on a woman becomes effeminate and is perceived as missing something in the outline of maleness," (Rose, 25). While in the forest of Ardenne, Rosalind is dressing in and taking on the male persona.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Skull Beneath the Skin
The avowed aim of the crime fiction genre is a quest for justice for the victims of crime. This is driven by our fears and desires. It is the moral responsibility of the detective to solve the crime, and see that moral order is restored. As humans we have an innate sense that justice must be served; the quest of the detective becomes ours as well. Murder, being the ultimate crime reflects our fear of death and our desire to see moral retribution. It is part of the human condition to understand the world around us and from this desire stems an existential anxiety and a fear of the arbitrary and inexplicable cruelty of fate. Life is fraught with moral ambiguities. Appropriately the title the skull beneath the skin refers to the fact that death is ever present lurking beneath the surface just as a skull hides beneath the face. P. D James challenges the traditional conventions of the crime fiction genre. She clearly incorporates a combination of intuitionist, realist and hard-boiled styles of Crime fiction and even explicitly draws attention to these by intertextually referencing other crime works such as Marlowe, Webster and Shakespeare. In her novel James transforms the simplicities and crudities of the old- fashioned detective story, which usually approach the plot as an intellectual puzzle of â€Å"whodunit†, into a modern detective story concerned with psychological truth and the moral ambiguities of human action. The classic detective story rests on the fundamental idea that â€Å" the good will triumph and the bad will be punished†, leaving the reader with a reassurance that justice will be served. However, James’s subverted approach to the genre demonstrates realism as depicted by the moral ambiguities and the relative nature of truth. The novels unsatisfactory approach to reality is effectively utilized in her plot, which mirrors a cynical modern awareness that life is not necessarily just or fair. For example, we are morally ambiguous about Simons’ murder of Clarissa, we see it as provoked and justified and we sympathise with him. James offers us an enigmatic ending rather than any restoration of justice or social order- it is unclear to the reader whether or not Cordelia will be able to prove Ambrose’s is guilt or whether he will be brought to justice. Her readers recognize that in reality there is no stable, secure or protective refuge against evil or murder Despite the fact that PD James sought to elevate crime fiction into literature, she does conform to the conventions of attributing motives to a number of suspects. This tangle of motivations creates an atmosphere of suspense and intrigue for the reader, allowing her to delve into the psychological truth of her characters. This complexity of plot and character is consistent with James’s view of the detective genre. This technique engages the audience enabling them to identify with the detectives quest to find those responsible for the murder so that order can be restored. James goes to a lot of trouble to establish the possible motives for Clarissa’s murder. Clarissa is detested be everyone, due to her egotism, faithlessness and manipulative personality. This alienates everyone involved with her, giving each person a strong motive for menacing her with notes containing death quotes and later for murdering her. Tolly, her devoted assistant has reason to resent Clarissa. Clarissa denies Tolly the right to see her dying daughter, as it would interfere with her performance of Macbeth. Ironically, Clarissa was playing Lady Macbeth, but she herself was possessed of evil. Courcy Island is an artifical environment of the egotistical dream of Ambrose Gorringe. It is a world of Victoriana with Macabre memorabilia, such as the marble arm of the princess, which even repels the antique dealer when handling it because â€Å" it reminds me of death†. This setting is a microcosm of British high society, with its servility rituals such as fancy dinner parties and constant maid service. These rituals act as a facade and a disguise for feelings, motives and human flaws. The society at Courcy contrasts vividly with the simplicity and morality of Cordelia, who is happiest locating lost cats in her detective agency, â€Å" Animals didn’t torment themselves with the fear of death†¦ they didn’t burden you with their psychological problems.. they didn’t surround themselves with possessions†. Conversely James’s novel is very concerned with all three of these human flaws. In traditional detective fiction, the setting is an essential part of story. It is not only a backdrop for the action but also creates atmosphere and helps provide clues that are necessary in the investigation. Typical of the Intuitionists text, Courcy Island is a classic closed setting physically and socially cut off from the outside world, which can only be accessed by boat. In this respect the investigation is limited to a certain location and group of people, creating an atmosphere of fear and suspense, intensifying the sense of immanent threat- â€Å"Here on the southern shore where the mainland couldn’t be seen, it was easy to imagine that the island was totally lost at sea.. †. Crime fiction is often set in a hostile world, which appears dangerous and threatening. In the novel, this danger is alluded to by the awareness of the characters of its violent and bloodstained history including its chambers of horrors and its morbid past of murders, plagues and tortures, â€Å" They saw the skulls at once. One whole wall was patterned with them, a grinning parade of death†. As Cordelia begins her investigation she learns many dark secrets and we as an audience realize that the occupants of Courcy Island may go to extreme and violent measures to protect these secrets. Not only does this indicate danger in the past, it alludes to danger in the present. These factors of setting combine with the references to the fear of death, which permeate the novel, give it a macabre atmosphere. In the modern world we are continually faced with images of death in our everyday lives. We feel our powerlessness in the face of death, and this fear haunts human existence. Thus the reader finds comfort in seeing murderers brought to justice. Ironically, when Gorringe is finally exposed as the murderer, we have no such assurance from James that justice will prevail. Clarissa’s fear of death verges on the paranoid, giving us the title of the novel. She tells Cordelia, â€Å"I always see the skull beneath the skin†. This fear is exacerbated by the death notes she receives with their well-known quotations focusing on fears, judgments and the inevitability with death. â€Å" On pain of death let no man name death to me â€Å" (Brachiano’s words from The White Devil). These references become ominous motifs and help build the sinister atmosphere. They are ultimately the reason Cordelia is called upon to watch over her-â€Å"Cordelia felt their potent and nostalgic power†. James makes even the physical environment of the Island become part of a deathly ambience: †Outside the accumulated heat†¦ like a sweaty fumed soaked blanket.. utting of air†. Finally, Cordelia fails in her assigned task to prevent the murder of Clarissa and is indeed threatened herself with death. This realism is typical of James’s non-idealized approach to detective fiction genre. Cordelia is not a super sleuth who triumphs in the punishment of the perpetrator. She is meticulous and thorou gh in her procedure of the investigation. However, she is exhausted by the psychological complexities and lacks the consolation of knowing that the perpetrator will be punished. She welcomes the new cases of lost cats. This is almost a sense of anti-climax in the context of detective fiction. Her incursion into the world of psychological complexity has confronted her with the fear of death and the quest for justice. However she is happy to suspend herself from this intimacy with death and to resume a humble existence. Much of our lives consists in appreciating the mundane. Therefore, we to have to suspend the fear of mortality, as well as the desire to understand â€Å" the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune†.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Free Essays on Is Africa The Dark Continent
use. One such forum is www.genealogyforum.rootsweb.com. More information dispelling another myth of the name is www.theglobists.com. Most people frequently use the word Africa, not only for the continent, but as a common denominator for 50 countries, 720 million people and 1000 languages. A huge number of religions, tribes and groups of people each with a very different history. We also use terms like "African culture", "African music" or "African religion" even though there is no single culture, music or religion in common for all of the countries/regions. "Africa" is not an African word. The origin of the word is still a little uncertain, but it is credible to see a connection from Latin (Africa = sunny) and Greek (Aphrike = not cold). The Romans were the first to use the name. For them it covered Tunisia and the most northern parts of Algeria and Libya. Egypt was already known territory, but further South was unknown land. Around 2,000 years ago "Aethiopia" seems to have been used to describe the land found south of Sahara, but Europeans later used "Africa" to describe the entire continent. This is why we began to see Africa one land with only one kind of people. Strangely enough it changed from the land of sunshine and warmth to "the dark continent". It has always been comfortable and easy for Westerners to see Africa as a whole. Africa used to be somewhere far away with dark skinned people, having customs so different from our own. A land of fairytales or sometimes horror. Today we are a bit wiser, but it still seems like an impossi... Free Essays on Is Africa The Dark Continent Free Essays on Is Africa The Dark Continent Originally using â€Å"Africa†as a key word to search on the net, and individual will come across over 800 different websites. Mostly the websites will deal with weather, safari’s, and politics. If one digs deeper they will eventually come across the knowledge that there are some websites explaining the â€Å"Truth†. These websites mostly come in forums and then in the definitions of the words use. One such forum is www.genealogyforum.rootsweb.com. More information dispelling another myth of the name is www.theglobists.com. Most people frequently use the word Africa, not only for the continent, but as a common denominator for 50 countries, 720 million people and 1000 languages. A huge number of religions, tribes and groups of people each with a very different history. We also use terms like "African culture", "African music" or "African religion" even though there is no single culture, music or religion in common for all of the countries/regions. "Africa" is not an African word. The origin of the word is still a little uncertain, but it is credible to see a connection from Latin (Africa = sunny) and Greek (Aphrike = not cold). The Romans were the first to use the name. For them it covered Tunisia and the most northern parts of Algeria and Libya. Egypt was already known territory, but further South was unknown land. Around 2,000 years ago "Aethiopia" seems to have been used to describe the land found south of Sahara, but Europeans later used "Africa" to describe the entire continent. This is why we began to see Africa one land with only one kind of people. Strangely enough it changed from the land of sunshine and warmth to "the dark continent". It has always been comfortable and easy for Westerners to see Africa as a whole. Africa used to be somewhere far away with dark skinned people, having customs so different from our own. A land of fairytales or sometimes horror. Today we are a bit wiser, but it still seems like an impossi...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Free Essays on The Dust Bowl
The 1930’s Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s took place in the southwestern Great Plains region of the United States. While it lasted for merely a decade, its extreme conditions and impacts still affects people today. Numerous causes attributed to the beginnings of the massive and destructive Dust Bowl. Overproduction of wheat served as the storm’s main cause, over 12 million bushels of wheat existed in the United States. In 1915 3,000 tractors existed in the entire state of Kansas later, by 1930 the tractor quantity grew to 60,000 (Dustbowl np). Yearly, the farmers planted wheat on the same soil without thinking of any long-lasting damage done. Over plowed, the millions of acres of grasslands in the Great Plains turned the once nutritious soil into a fine unprotected dust (Bonnifield np). Eventually at the end of 1931, extreme droughts began. The lack of rainfall and extreme winds developed into â€Å"black blizzards†, where a wall of dust and smoke turns midday into night. Life turned into a struggle for almost all families located in the southern Great Plains, especially farmers (Bonnifield np). Children began to wear facemasks to serve as protection from the pungent smoke and women strung wet sheets over windows to stop the dust and dirt. A mass migration of families began, "Okies and Arkies" traveled west to California with their families, desperately searching for work. Farmers tried desperately to plant, but without water and nutritious soil, the windstorms swept their crops away. John Steinbeck accurately sums up the migration of the dustbowl in the Grapes of Wrath on page 317, "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, carav ans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless... Free Essays on The Dust Bowl Free Essays on The Dust Bowl The 1930’s Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s took place in the southwestern Great Plains region of the United States. While it lasted for merely a decade, its extreme conditions and impacts still affects people today. Numerous causes attributed to the beginnings of the massive and destructive Dust Bowl. Overproduction of wheat served as the storm’s main cause, over 12 million bushels of wheat existed in the United States. In 1915 3,000 tractors existed in the entire state of Kansas later, by 1930 the tractor quantity grew to 60,000 (Dustbowl np). Yearly, the farmers planted wheat on the same soil without thinking of any long-lasting damage done. Over plowed, the millions of acres of grasslands in the Great Plains turned the once nutritious soil into a fine unprotected dust (Bonnifield np). Eventually at the end of 1931, extreme droughts began. The lack of rainfall and extreme winds developed into â€Å"black blizzards†, where a wall of dust and smoke turns midday into night. Life turned into a struggle for almost all families located in the southern Great Plains, especially farmers (Bonnifield np). Children began to wear facemasks to serve as protection from the pungent smoke and women strung wet sheets over windows to stop the dust and dirt. A mass migration of families began, "Okies and Arkies" traveled west to California with their families, desperately searching for work. Farmers tried desperately to plant, but without water and nutritious soil, the windstorms swept their crops away. John Steinbeck accurately sums up the migration of the dustbowl in the Grapes of Wrath on page 317, "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, carav ans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless... Free Essays on The Dust Bowl In the early 1900's, times were hard for people. Recovering from the first world war, where an overproduction of goods led to an extreme surplus of goods. This caused prices on goods fall dramatically. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. Contrary to it’s name, the Great Depression wasn’t really all that Great. America was poverty-stricken, and suffering. There was a shortage of food, money, and everything else needed to make a living, and provide for a family. To make any money, farmers had to produce more and more crops to survive at the same rate as they were before the United States entered the war. This led to the extreme use of, and over producing on the land. All the grasslands were plowed to make way for more crops. The rich, fertile soil of the Great Plains region was destroyed. These elements when added to the fact that during the late 1920's and throughout the 1930's, the United States Great Plains Region was an era plagued by scorching droughts, and heavy but short rainy seasons. During the winter, the soil just washed away without any plant roots to provide a foundation. When the Summer months came, the Central region of the United States recieved so little rain. The winds would come across the plains, and just pick up the once-fertile top soil and blows it up and into the atmosphere. These winds would pick up so much dust that there were opaque clouds of it that hung in the sky for days at a time. Called â€Å"Black Blizzards†the dust would then be blown around by the westerly winds that average a constant 15 miles per hour. As it settled back down to the barren earth, it would cover everything in layers and drifts just like it would in a snowstorm. This included the crops of the determined farmers who had worked so hard for the harvest. The dust would blow for days at a time. The dust would seep into the homes of people and create layers of dust upon everything. Several people actually died from ...
Monday, November 4, 2019
Segmentation and Target Market Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Segmentation and Target Market Paper - Essay Example Per year it is selling around 10 billion energy drinks. To increase the profitability of the company and to expand its customer base Monster Energy is presently targeting young adults and teenagers for selling its products. The energy drinks and juices of this company contain different ingredients like caffeine, herbal extracts, taurine, and vitamins B. Monster energy produces such energy drink which falls into the category of functional beverages. The company Monster Energy supports many sports activities and events like BMX, skateboarding, eSports, snowboarding etc. The firm promotes many music brands like The World Alive, Shinedown, Asking Alexandria, Maximum the Hormone etc around the world. Monster Energy drink has become very popular in different countries of the world. In the present time the company has expand its market which helped to expand its customer base and increase its target market. Earlier Monster Energy sold its product only in United States. At that time Athletes were its primary customer. Then all its energy drink was sold to a particular group of people having specific interest. But in the present time lifestyle of people have changed a lot. Many people are consuming different types of energy drinks and health drinks as their daily food products. This is one of the important reasons of expanding the market of Monster energy by targeting new customers. The company is presently targeting young teenagers around 20- 28 years. Both of male and female genders are included in this firm’s target market. The products of Monster Energy drink are previously targeted to male people. But now a day’s its products are also targeted to female customers. The organization’s target market comprises of the customers who are belonging from middle class and upper class of the society. They are having sufficient income to afford the products of Monster Energy Company. Its target market also
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Women Work and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Women Work and Family - Essay Example There are a number of women in reformatory who willingly stop considering their toddlers telling them they are in sanatorium or in public holiday (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007: 297). It has been viewed that the mothers of young toddlers can be condemned for going out mingling with more so than the fathers of these toddlers (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007: 249). The majority women must settle on whether to work for compensation even as mothering or construct mothering their only communal role. Often this choice is depicted in terms of whether they will be "stay-at-home" and most probably "full-time" mothers, or "working mothers" and consequently ones who plan out salaried work above care-giving. Contingent within this edifice is womens bodily site tooâ€â€either lady is at residence or job, not both. Dillaway and Pare (2008) discover frequent conceptualizations of stay-at-home against functioning motherhood, as confirmed by feminist family erudition and latest media substances (Dillaway and Pare, 2008: 437). The designation of ‘Father’ may be average, but the elements of being a nice father are no matter which but incomparable. Fathering, like mothering, is one strong, never-let-positive, high-strain job. It’s worthwhile, but just as frequently it can be intimidating, mystifying, and maddening! Luckily, there are a lot of fathers out there doing a grand work of living up to the consecrated faith they’ve obtained by rearing toddlers. Good fathers set out far away from just fetching home the bread. They offer poignant support and societal assistance. They have to stay back at home because the mothers are working mothers. Moreover, money may be a cause as working mothers need to keep caretakers for their children, thus, as a parent, a father can take more care of his child rather than a caretaker. Thus, fathers prefer to stay back at home. They dedicate endless time and vigor to children’s wellbeing. When parenting, nice
Thursday, October 31, 2019
Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21
Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example This is a secondary source. This book stressed that parenting style affects children’s emotional and social development. It explored different parenting styles. Using several studies, it showed that authoritative parenting is effective in raising children with positive attitudes and prosocial behaviors. Bernstein (2011) noted the limitations of these studies, including their inability to find cause-and-effect connections and they did not sufficiently include the individual traits of children in their research designs. He emphasized that the fit between parenting style and children’s individual traits will determine the most successful parenting style. Bornstein, M.H., and Zlotnik, D. (2009). Parenting styles and their effects. In J.B. Benson (Ed.), Social and emotional development in infancy and early childhood (pp.280-293). California: Academic Press. This is a secondary source. This chapter reviewed parenting styles and their outcomes on children’s development. It discussed the causes of parenting styles. It showed that authoritative parenting is the most successful parenting style in raising socially responsible and successful children, at least among European American children. This chapter explained the particular characteristics of authoritative parenting that improved the outcomes for children, where the main point is that these parents are more equipped to manage stress and to discipline their children. Evans, W. (2012, April 1). Authoritative parenting is best for young adults, studies say. Deseret News. Retrieved from http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765565085/Authoritative-parenting-is-best-for-young-adults-studies-say.html?pg=all This is a secondary source. It summarized the findings of a study from Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Findings showed that authoritative parenting is best for adolescents because the latter want some space to exert their free will and to make decisions on their own. Children from permissive and authoritarian
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Theme Park in China Essay Example for Free
Theme Park in China Essay Introduction There are a number of theme parks in China. Some of them are well designed and managed. Some are fairylands for the children, which have great fun playing in the fairy tale castles and the animal kingdoms with cartoon characters; The youngsters would like to experience the thrilled and exciting amusement ride. Meanwhile, the elderly like to take pleasure in the folk custom. However, though the market is believed to be big and potential, about 70% of the China’s 2500 amusement parks are losing money. Whom and why will run non-profitable business? Unlike residential developments, the restrictions imposed by the Chinese government to cool the hot property market do not apply to projects categorized as cultural or entertainment purposes. The loophole allows developers to buy land from the government often at a relatively low price to build a theme park and then erect adjoining apartments and hotels. To plug the loophole, Beijing authorities banned the construction of new theme parks over a certain size in August 2011. This measurement canceled many projects in the capital but not deterred most developers from continuing with their amusement park development plans. Actually, many investors do not concern on losing money when operating theme parks, since the sales of tickets and food make up only a very small percentage of their profits, a China Daily reports said. Furthermore, parks require a lot of funding and have high operating costs, so it can take a longer period of times for investors to regain their money. According to China Daily, many theme parks built in the early 2000s have been bankrupted, with the properties failing to sell at dozens of auctions over the past seven years. Amusement Park Industry Trend. Focusing on the theme park business, according to Chris Yoshii, an analyst for AECOM, told USA Today recently that almost a third of Chinas 2,500-plus theme parks have opened within the past two years, with the total number expected to surpass that of the U. S. by 2020. During the five years through 2012, the Amusement Park industry experienced rapid development, growing 14. 4% per year on average to an estimated $2. 3 billion in 2012. Chinas economy developed rapidly over this period, and household disposable income levels improved dramatically. As a result, the number of people paying for leisure activities increased significantly, resulting in strong visitor growth for this industry. The top four operators in China account for about 13. 6% of total revenue in 2012, and this share is expected to increase, as visitor numbers and gate receipts for the industrys largest amusement parks increase steadily. According to AECOM, a Hong Kong tourism consulting firm, theme parks in Asia sold a combined 103. 3 million tickets last year, one-third of the total in the world and second only to those sold in North America (127 million). Also, fewer new players will enter the industry due to its high and increasing barriers to entry. As a result, analysts are optimistic in this industry. It is forecasted that in the next five years, industry revenue is forecast to increase at an average annualized rate of 16. 7%. The increasing popularity of amusement parks was another industry driver. Since World Carnival entered the Chinese market in 2004, visiting amusement parks has become a popular way to spend time. The number of international visitors also rose significantly over the past five years, as Chinas popularity as a tourist destination has improved. According to 5u588. com, a Chinese tourism-industry information website, 70 tourism real estate projects have already been signed this year, with a total investment of 260 billion Yuan. That figure is expected to surpass 1 trillion Yuan by December 2012. Current Outstanding Theme Parks According to China Highlights website, there are top 7 theme parks in China. Here are the list and its brief notes: 1. Hong Kong Disneyland Park It is the newest Disneyland in the world at present, and one of two large theme parks in Hong Kong. There are four theme areas in the Hong Kong Disneyland Park: the Main Street, U. S. A. Adventure World, Fantastic World, and Tomorrow World. 2. Shenzhen Happy Valley There are nine theme sections in Shenzhen Happy Valley, including Spanish Plaza, Cartoon City, Adventure Mountain, Happy Time, Gold Mine Town, Shangri-la Forest, Hurricane Bay, Sunshine Coast, and Maya Water Park. Equipment and fun are unique in China and even in Asia, imported from the USA, Holland, and Germany, attracting numerous tourists to Shenzhen every year. 3. Beijing Happy Valley At present, Beijing Happy Valley occupies about 540,000 square meters. It offers a great opportunity to experience an ecological environment in Fiord Forest, the Mayan disaster in Lost Maya, a crystal city in Atlantis, ancient Greek myths in Aegean Harbor, a dream life in Shangri-La, and environmental protection consciousness in Ant Kingdom. 4. Shenzhen Window of the World Reproductions of the most famous of the worlds greatest wonders, historical heritage, and other interesting places there. At night, there are also many spectacular folk song and dance performances. 5. Cinemlong Happy World The vertical roller coaster there is the worlds best roller coaster. And the ten-looped roller coaster had gained a Guinness World Record. There are five theme sections in the park: the Habi Kingdom, the Screaming Zone, the Rainbow Bay, the Water Paradise, and a central square for shows. 6. Splendid China The 82 attractions have been reduced on a scale of 1:15 and located according to where they are in China. Splendid China is just like a giant map of China. These attractions can be divided into three categories: ancient architecture, landscapes, and folk culture. 7. China Folk Culture Village There are 25 ethnic villages set up on a scale of 1:1. It veritably shows local customs and folklore in China with ethnic performances, crafts shows, and regular large ethnic festivals, including: the Water Splashing Festival, the Shaman Festival, the Torch Festival, the Huaxia Great Cultural Temple Fair, and the Inner Mongolia Grassland Cultural Festival. Apart from Hong Kong Disneyland, all the above theme parks are managed by local Chinese. Another interesting finding is that five of them are located in Southern China. It is suggested that the weather and government authority did affect the location of an amusement park. Since the sub-tropical forest weather is good for amusement parks to raise up animals and could make visitors feel comfortable in winter times. Also, comparing to Beijing and Shanghai, Guangdong Province may not have as many as traditional site seeing spots for international visitors. Therefore, the government is generally accepted theme parks and believes it can boost the tourism. Forthcoming and Promising Players As we all know, Disneyland theme park will start its business in Shanghai 2015, with US3. 7bn investment. Furthermore, there are a number of theme park projects are being widely speculated. Firstly, news from BBC in August 2012, Dreamworks, the Hollywood studio production of Shrek, Kung Fu Panda and Madagascar, plans to invest US3bn to build â€Å"The Dream Center†in Shanghai in 2016. The main theme is about global cultural centre and the attraction point is the world’s largest Imax screen. Secondly, on the roof of the world, the Tibetan capital Lhasa is building its first theme park, to be opened in June 2013. This amusement parks core culture will be Oriental, ie. from the popular Chinese hero Monkey King to dinosaurs, to Mongolian warrior Genghis Khan. They believe it could help recoup their $472 million investment within six years, says Ding, an executive at Yu Gui Garden investment group. Local Fight Back Company owning â€Å"Happy Valley†theme parks is optimistic on strong and foreign amusement parks component in China. Believed this could cultivate a much bigger market in China. Similar to Japan, the Disney resort promoted the development of other local parks. Another example is the United States: before Disney set up its resorts, the country had only three parks that boasted more than one million visitors per year. After Disneyland opened, the number of overall visitors in the country quickly surged to more than 10 million annually. The same situation happened several years later in Hong Kong. When Walt Disney launched its third overseas theme park in the city in 2006, other amusement parks in Hong Kong, such as Ocean Park and the adjacent Shenzhen Happy Valley, all witnessed a rapid increase in annual revenue and number of visitors. Investment of 25 billion yuan is reportedly being put into the Shanghai Disney project, in comparison with the 2 billion yuan that invested in Shanghai Happy Valley in the first phase of construction work. The company has invested more than 16 billion yuan over the past 25 years to build theme parks. It has finished the first round of strategic theme park construction in Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu, and has started the second round of park development in cities including Wuhan and Tianjin. It has received 164 million visitors to its theme parks, and has earned a total of 17 billion yuan so far. The company said they invest at least 30 million yuan in every theme park to develop new recreation projects every year. Expected the number of visitors to Happy Valley theme parks to surpass 20 million this year, with a growing trend to 30 million a year by 2020. China has a huge market for theme park operators. According to Wu Wenxue, vice-chairman of the China Tourism Association, over the next five years, the market demand for theme parks may surpass 10 billion yuan a year. Conclusion From my personal viewpoint, theme parks in China will be generally developed into two different main streams. Firstly, it is foreign and famous owned amusement parks, like Disneyland, World Carnival and Dreamworks†¦ etc. The second stream will be full of Chinese and Oriental cultures, which may aim to attract international visitors. Both streams are believed to be growing and promising. However, the key concern is safety. Since there are some fatal accident happened in local amusement parks every year, people may lose confidence in all amusement parks in China. The government body should put the focus on the quality issues ranging from equipment to food safety in the parks. Only quality assurance could allow the industry to develop continuously. References http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2010-11/22/content_11587814. htm http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/world/story/2012-06-26/china-disney-theme-parks/56019074/1 http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-05/22/content_15354029. htm http://www. china. org. cn/travel/2010-03/08/content_19554338. htm http://www. worldpropertychannel. com/asia-pacific-vacation-news/china-theme-parks-china-association-of-amusement-parks-walt-disney-china-shanghai-amusement-parks-walt-disney-shanghai-shanghai-disney-resort-yu-gui-garden-investment-group-6013. php http://www. chinahighlights. com/travelguide/amusement-parks/ http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-19162780.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer
Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer Abstract The revolution in information technology (IT) and communications has changed the way people do the shopping today. In recent years, increasing online shopping have been using the Internet and other electronic media for their shopping and people are diverted from offline to online. This research paper is based on the how does online shopping change consumer buying behaviour. Specially buying books through the internet. The main aim of this study was to examine if there are any particular factors that influence the online consumer buying behaviour. Primary information was collected from the London School of Commerce students survey because the students usually buy books from online or normal shop. Price, Trust and Convenience were were recognized as significant factors. For the maximum students price is the main vital issue. Moreover, three sectors were recognized, I) High Spenders, II) Price Easers, and III) Bargain Seekers. In the course of these sectors we found a variation of the different factors significance and recognized propositions for online book shops. Keywords: Online Shopping, Consumer, Online Books, amd Buying Behaviour. Acknowledgements Being a part of the academic community is most special. As a master student at the London School of Commerce (LSC), University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC), the author has felt privileged and grateful. The author would like to therefore take this opportunity to express his gratitude to the many people (although it is impossible to list by name all) who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Firstly the author is highly indebted to Tom Reeves (London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) and wish to express his heart felt gratitude for his encouragement and approval of the above topic as a researchable topic. His constructive criticisms, comments and guidance are perhaps the secret behind the standard of this paper. Millions of thanks go to Students of London School of Commerce who helped me to survey the offline questionnaires around the Institute of London School of Commerce. Special appreciation goes to all the staff and tutors of the London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. Especially, Dr. Rajendra Kumar, Dr. Peter McGee, Michael Nieto, Prof. Geoffrey Lancaster, Mervyn Sookun, Ms. Ellie Semsar and Paul Reynolds for your encouragement, inspiration and innovative ideas impacted on me during and after the coursework the author says a big thank you. Finally my father, mother and my family members receive my deepest love and gratitude for their dedication and support for these years. However, the current author would like to make a declaration that this study is an addition to extant literature and was the main contributor of the overall paper. Whenever other peoples work is referred to, they are duly acknowledged. Therefore the author is solely responsible for any error and misrepresentation of facts. Shermim Akter Lucky Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research The development of online has formed a hypothesis transfer of the usual system persons buying. A customer is no longer bound for opening periods or particular places; he is able to turn into dynamic by online whichever moment plus every position as well as buy products or facilities. Online is a comparatively latest means for contact as well as data swap, which has turned into present within our daily existence. Expansion into e-commerce potential is far-reaching through the international world as well as trade has completely been transformed exactly to these online improvements. Separately as of this viewpoint of its outcome, it as well spreads its effectiveness/ influence on other characteristic of human performance, which generate prospect intended for further improvement as well as regeneration. Khosrow Pour (2006), describes that, e-commerce (EC) ground is a varied one, connecting a lot of performance, business components, plus technologies, as well as it includes a structure of lots of substance between which is customer facilities. Peter Rucker (2002) in (Turban et al., 2004 plus 2006) describes e-commerce like a global sharing means intended for commodities, facility as well as astonishingly intended for administrative plus specialized work. Is intensely varying money matters, he described, marketplaces plus manufacturing configuration, products plus facilities as well as their runs ; customer segmentation, customer importances plus purchaser activities. Moreover lots of reviewers described electronic commerce like the entire automatically intervened operation among an association plus any third party it transactions through (Chaffey, 2004, Pg. 7). Turban et al., (2006) within his more description, alleged e-commerce is able to be noticed as of the viewpoint of contact, facility, business education and so on. We are able to monitor that the entire the explanations heats along to the similar viewpoint of what electronic commerce is regarding. E-commerce the same as we require to identify is a broadly considered matter. It includes a lot of features which contain; Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Business (C2B) etc., however present research is intended for focusing its highlighting happening Business to Consumer. Business to Consumer (B2C) is the mainly increasing one where corporations execute trade by means of customers in the Internet. A main achievement issue of Business to Consumer is locating what customers wish within words of facility, superiority, as well as cost (Turban et al., 2008). Online shopping is the method customers attempt in the course of while they choose shopping taking place online. As a result, online has improved to a very reasonable marketplace, where the rivalry more than the customer is violent. With the purpose of include an effect taking place as well as maintain customers, within a reasonable marketplace, Constantinides (2004) declared that the initial movement is recognizing particular affecting characteristics while buying in the Internet, these are able to be considered as issues. The objective of this research is to build up plus operate a form describing as well as guess implementation of the Internet customer look for plus buying performances depend taking place a combination of effectiveness maximization hypothesis plus customer acceptance assumption that deliberates inspirations (distinguished improvement) developed from the Internet search / buy as well as prices connected by the Internet search / buy. 1.2 Rationale of the Research The purpose of the research is mainly recognizing with acquire close by into what key issues the Internet customer gets into consideration while buying books in the Internet, since books are the most usually purchased product in online (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online-Forschung e.V. [AGOF e.V.], 2007). Moreover, in this research will examine if any divisions are able to be recognized with recognizing the customers and how these divisions communicate to the recognized issues. The findings of the present study will be summarized as suggestions for the Internet book sellers with the purpose of improve their customer information as well as build up their Internet marketing strategy efficiency. 1.3 Significance of the Research The business-to-consumer is the largely noticeable trade kind of e-commerce. Internet shopping permits corporations giving product data as well as straight transactions to their customers. With the intention of successfully make customers believing electronic commerce plus Internet dealings, readily available an vital require recognizing the issues which effect customer behaviour on the way to carry on consume of Internet dealings. The benefits of Internet shopping dealings are renowned. The largest part general motivations designed for customers shopping in the Internet are convenience, wider choices, reasonable costing, as well as bigger entrance to data. Conversely, Internet transactions quantity even now stays on comparatively small evaluated to alternative transaction types. Many earlier studies have illustrated that apparent causes contain protection plus confidentiality matters, be short of awareness by the medium, as well as the appropriateness of products to be retailed. In reality within the B2C e-commerce, a customer has the twice function of the product buyer plus information technology (website) client. To the shopper within electronic commerce, the website technique is a complete demonstration of the shopping. Such as, a number of well-known Internet purchasing websites (eBay, Amazon etc.) greatly based on information technology (IT) within their trade approaches. Within the majority usual corporations, were brick and mortor trades are performed customers accomplish operations through face-to-face, telephone, report administrators, persons etc. On the contrary, nowadays trade everywhere the planet is at present worldwide, the purchaser boundary within electronic surroundings is display-to-face communication method which insists a machine denotes of Personal Computer depend screens, ATM devices, personal Laptops and many more electronic tools to talk about some. As a result, online is the only communication systems among the company and the clients, therefore it situates huge liability taking place the company to acquire as well as characterize the consumers knowledge, for the reason that there is frequently no opportunity intended for straight individual involvement for the period of meeting. Thus it provides a path in support of a enquiry, which is; Does this line provide like a certain path to disclose costs which be able to also influence c ustomers as well as finish buy with no trouble? Furthermore, how do these corporations which are ease within cost (modified/make specially, perform auctions, trades advertising) Internet vary from corporations which provide steady/permanent pricing systems? 1.4 Aims Objectives To identify the suitable cause that drive consumer to purchase books online; To give a organized and complete evaluation of online consumer buying behaviour; To analysis the exact reasons and charges have on books search and purchase decisions between Internet shoppers global; To suggest an integrated outline that improves our understanding of the fundamental motivating issues of online book consumer behaviour; To give directions used for future investigate in online consumer buying behaviour area. 1.5 Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of this research is to describe how online shopping manipulates consumer buying behaviour for buying books online. There are lots of matters related to this srudy question; however we will simply focus on buying books online. The study problems we plan to answer are: What key issues influence the Internet consumer while considering and creation for buying through the Internet? How do these issues manipulate the consumer when buyinging books in the Internet? What type of parts can be found in the recognized consumers when buying books in the Internet? What is the link by means of the recognized issues and consumer division groups? 1.6 Signposting of the Study Chapter One: Introduction In this chapter the background, rationale and significance of the research will be explained. There are also aims objectives, purpose research questions will be presented. Chapter Two: Related Literature This chapter provides relevant existing theories and models of online shopping and consumer buying behaviour as well as a model modified by the author. The working model builds upon the presented theories and is used as a foundation for the following analysis. Chapter Three: Research Methodology Strategy In this chapter, the research methodology strategy is presented. The research approach that has been adopted in order to answer the research questions and to meet the purpose is described and motivated. The research methods used in this work are as well described and discussed. Chapter Four: Data Analysis Result In this chapter the results of both the qualitative and quantitative research are presented. The results will follow the outline of the working model. Brief companies overviews are also presented. Chapter Five: Conclusion This chapter includes the conclusions of the research as well as reflections for recommendations, a discussion of the limitations and suggestions for further studies. Chapter Two: Related Literature Brief Narrative of E-Commerce While online developed into commercialised plus clients were gathering to take part within the World Wide Web (WWW) during the near beginning 1990s the word e- commerce was invented. E-commerce functions earliest expanded during the 1970s through modernization for example electronic finance shift. Afterwards the electronic data interchange (EDI) occured. The EDI expanded the band of taking part corporations since economic organization to producers, sellers, facilities, as well as other kind of trade (Turban et al., 2008). The cause to why it was executed was for the reason that it was an easy means to automatise buyings. Separately since with the intention of, it was a useful means to permit shops to connect their dealers to their collection record. This needs a costly confidential network link among the two business associates (Percival Straunik, 2001). Instructively, the development of e-commerce contains three cohorts. The initial cohort linked computers linked as well as records can be transmitted from one computer to a different computer. For the duration of the next cohort, the latest equipment as well as online prepared it achievable used for together corporations as well as customers buying taking place through the online. For the period of final cohort dissimilar value chains were associated to one another. Then business societies developed as well as reserves where mutual similar to the computer designed for preparation manufacture record (Fredholm, 2002). E- Commerce is a structure of the Internet trade connections which preserve be present during the entire means of purchasing plus retailing. The opportunity of electronic purchasing as well as retailing turned into a feasible alternative designed for more or less every company moreover e-commerce developed into general within commerce terms. Expected to this attractiveness lots of corporations started on the bandwagon with obviously presenting their facilities in the Internet; nearly all of the website to all intents and purposes gives information on the products they retailed (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002) Because the continuation of E-commerce developed big, its improvement ended to stay in the borders of purchasing as well as retailing of customer commodities. It has pushed leading administrators to rethink the means of a trade utilizes technology intended for improved achievement. Therefore, the www has problemed the denotation as well as importance of information plus technology which guided to an assessment of the connection among the two. Such as trade can discover it benefits to deal information like within the case of priceline.com (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002). The beginning of e-commerce as well engages the exploit of inter technologies. This technology is applied to improve an infrastructure, whose outcome permits a corporation dividing its information sources by trade associates as well as customers together on a home as well as worldwide stage. Through these technologies corporations moreover present better facilities plus issue them getting reasonable benefit. To this outcome, the majority corporations at present as well as days observe the want reconsidering their objectives, re-originate trade system, and also set up latest methodologies in respect to prospects plus confronts within other to take part into e-commerce. Hoque (2000) inside (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002) explained a corporations alteration during the online era like a developmentary means of four stages, which are brochureware, e-commerce, e-business, with ultimately e-enterprise. As said by Bandyo Panhyay, the brochureware period taking place during the midpoint of the 1990s while plenty of corporations bring in website which was no further than an electronic list. Since the past, a number of corporations have shifted up the range at the same time as a number of others continued fixed on the primary stage, simply like the organization of a functioning infrastructural makes the structure used for a corporations tour during this stage. He preceded more to describe e-commerce age like the commencement of the dotcom time with the B2C trade forms. This phase was noticeabled through the propagation of activate for example ebay.com and amazon.com which penetrated the Internet trade global retailing product plus facilities straight to customers, as well as a number of other corporations pursued match. On the other hand, it was a challenge to make a web existence plus formulate stipulation intended for value added facilities with the purpose of support, trade on the Internet, as well as continue a strong consumer base. Business Network, the manufacturing syndicate of corporations which apply, support plus construct e-commerce results in the online described e-commerce that the apply of online to change trade connections which walks off distant ahead of purchasing as well as retailing in the Internet. Within this meaning, information is capable of moreover be divided inside and transversely companies restrictions, latest connections are improved among trades plus over and above among trade plus consumers. Plenty of companies started to observe the prospective of the online used for B2B functions also this was what began the e-business age by means of a force in the direction of technological apply to make stronger central part trade systems. Now like lots of companies started to observe information like a most important trade source as well as regarded as its administration like one of the majority significant purposes. Moreover corporations realized to concentrate on information as well as awareness administration like a necessary factor of over the entire goals of their trades. Within expected route, improvement information with communications technology reserved rapidity during an endeavour to maintain this latest period. For the period of this phase, lots of corporations started to use the viewpoint of e-business constructing a trade form essential to maintain together B2B as well as B2C functions. Business Network named this phase the enterprise stage; where the online technologies are applied to carry out B2B trade performance essential to maintain their main proficiencies with giving the Internet consumer facilities which is characteristically of B2C e-commerce. Through the closing stages of twentieth century, lots of big corporations for example banks went into this age. Afterwards by means of improve during development of technology as well as trade form, swift changes within trade situatio n occured. For this reason, B2B corporations will more and more acclimatize their organization communications within the bricks and mortal system to accept a B2C form taking place one hand moreover B2C corporations will broadened their beliefs of customer focused form including B2B performance in contrast (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002). Several Trade Forms of E-Commerce Since described before, e-commerce taking place the foundation of online is put to develop into a important means of performing trade, but latest array of electronic commerce nowadays are being guided into a lot of divisions of the business used for B2B, B2C as well as Business to Public Administration (B2P) (Paul Timmers 1998). Also, he described that a trade form is a structural design used for commodities, facilities plus information flows, together with an explanation of the different areas, prospective advantages of different trade areas plus income resources. Since the watchings of online trades, information with technology facilitates a broad series of trade forms, technology gives no direction intended for choosing latest forms other than its improvement be capable of guide to characterization of latest forms, as a result the ability of circumstances of the skill technology rise like a decisive factor to form choice. Enlisted plus described under, are several trade forms expr essed via Paul Timmers (1998). E Shops E Shops are observed like a web advertising surroundings used for corporation by the use of online. Within the majority situations, this is prepared to support the corporation, its commodities plus facilities provided through the corporation. Further to corporations performance, there is prospect to entrance manufactured goods, costs, command plus disburse. Within this logic, there will be growth necessitates, a small price way to worldwide existence, furthermore price discount during promotions with auctions. As a result, customers preserve advantage decrease /different costs evaluate to usual deal. Because of this reality, there will be broader preference, cluster of information plus ease of choosing /optimizing cost. Also, purchasing as well as shipping together with 24/7 facilities is prepared obtainable. Within the majority situations retailers income are from cut down price of manufactured goods, enhance deals plus marketing, consequently for this reason there is require intended for costs to be flexible so transactions be able to be boosted. Cases of corporations which manage e-shops are; ebay, Amazon etc. Third Party Market This mould is appropriate while corporations desire to put down the network advertising to a 3rd party market. Within this situation, they recommend a customer interface to the providers manufactured goods list where they include attributes similar to; brand name, cost, payment, logistics, instructing as well as especially the complete range of protected business deal. Every customer who desires to buy manufactured goods at a third party market will have right of entry to complete information starting the primary retailer. A case of third market supplier is Fedex who delivers desirable quality orders plus lots of things. Virtual Society Virtual Society corporations usually offer surroundings where associates who are customers include their data after making buys. This data provides like the final importance of virtual socities corporations. Instructively, these corporations are able to be attached to another marketing operator with the purpose of construct consumer reliability, reactions as well as criticism (Hagel et al., 1997). Amazon is a case of a virtual corporation who transactions going on books as well as other goods throughout the online. Latest facilities plus opportunities of other trade forms such as electronic malls, partnership stage and so on are consequences of further roles of virtual corporations. Value Chain Facility Supplier This form focuses on particular roles used for the value chain for example electronic payments. Banks, such as include put themselves within this form quiet previously. Moreover, latest approaches are rising within manufacture / reserve organization where by, intermediaries suggests concentrated plus fin tuned manufacture to corporations. A model of value chain facility supplier is UPS (www.ups.com) E Auctions Electronic auction is not only observed like a form other than is furthermore observed like a costing system within active costing method. It presents an execution of bidding system. E Auctions are capable of came with through multimedia appearance of manufactured goods plus costs. Mainly frequently, they are confidential to this particular conclusiveness which as well contains combination of the bidding system through dealing payment plus shippment. Thus it provides enormous advantage to equally dealer plus purchasers with reduction time as well as price perhaps, intended for shipping in anticipation of the transaction has been well-known. Customer observe it like way formulating buy, for the reason that separately from the period it accumulates it them provides a chance to set out used for the manufactured goods by the cost they be capable of manage to pay for. Business to Consumer (B2C) E-commerce Business to consumer e-commerce (B2C) among other types of e-commerce is the majority growing one all over the place companies implement business through consumer with the assist of online. However a little feature of business to business (B2B) is demotes to altercation among business plus customers. Cases of corporations which manage their trade through this type of Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce are; eBay, Amazon etc. Within this characteristic of e-commerce, the entire transactions performances, customer hunt, frequently ask questions (FAQ) are normally pursued in the Internet (Jeffrey et al., 2001). Lots of corporations have been capable making bigger their trades within an effective means in online, although several in point of fact have vanished keen on economic failure. Within another expression, B2C EC can furthermore be described like the idea of selling plus e-tailing, which involves transactions of commodities with facilities to particular customers in the Internet. Online, corporations attempt policies to flexible costing system which may possibly be applied within arriveing at customers, huge amounts to be accurate. As a result, one of these systems is index transactions which since the past are one of the matured ways exercised via corporations to perform transactions. Index transactions modified to customer recommend customers assistance since the confine of room plus period, as well it at no cost sellers, beginning the require of material shops by which they be capable of allocate goods. Selling carried out through online is entitled electronic retailing (e-tailing) which be able to be performed by way of auctions. It formulates it simpler in support of producers to trade straight to customers elimination intermediary. For instance corporations suppose Amazon, ebay, Abebooks, wal-mart etc. are keen on straight to customer online trade (Turban el at. 2008). These online corporations apply various systems to tell information of goods to customers plus these systems improves how adaptable they are within costs between other items. Furthermore, the central part information of these corporations communicates particularly to trade deals, such as information connected to combine of manufactured goods plus costs wished via customers. Therefore, this integrative information provides like a connection among sellers and customers. The information of goods that are retailed to customer does not merely improve buyings it as well provide corporations a concept of customer purchasing tendency. Through the concept corporations will aim for additional/improved business moreover consequently develop rising the goods plus costs are executed. Within other to profit from taking place the prospective of the online, active bricks plus mortal moreover index letters command corporations require to change their integrative information by their execution of costs on manufactured goods plus the whole corporation administration altogether. Past history used for B2C achievement investigated through earlier period researches highlight biased customers at every movement of their communication by way of EC. Suitable entrance to information within the method of buying is recommended within the sharp stage of Simons choice formulating form (Butler and Peppard 1998). While customers discover Internet shopping to be suitable, period well-organized plus cost discount consumers will be pleased by means of the common usefulness plus good organization of online buying means. Now when consumers will discover buying knowledge flattering if Internet sellers are reactive to costs separation, assessment, anxious plus dependable for the period of shopping system plus consequent relations among consumers (Paul et al., 2000). Pricing Matters Pricing matters during buyings is a reason, which has not to be taken too lightly; a number of studies put down additional importance happening another issue, which improves buyings with provide small or no concentration to pricing. The involvement of manufactured goods information carries a great deal of characteristic factor basis going on the particular customer. Within another word, it based on what the customer observes like significant concerning the data of manufactured goods that provides a primary desirability for shopping. After that, the value is one more feature to control or provide like a first choice, relatively bring about the customer to buy. Consistent with Morris and Paul (2000) within their study, they described about price, which is a factor of purchasing choice, which cannot be neglecting. They extended more describing with the purpose of a factor is positioned additional significant than price during creation buyings choice, afterwards it worth is measured to b e a prerequisite used for buying, except if the factor is positioned not as much of significant than price, at that time suitable array be capable of observed like first choice relatively that conditions. Therefore, price is a common determinant mainly designed for customers, who are price responsive. At present, the majority online corporations have observed the requirement to build prices like flexible as far as they are capable. Companies perform this, with planning plus pricing manufactured goods by means of modification, auctioning, advertisings etc., within a system that corresponds customers require/wish plus in consequence provide consumers prospect to create first choice. These really provide their trade a importance. If the data of goods retailed are extremely rotated to customers concentration, in that case, there is a great deal of pricing flexibility (Shapiro et al., 1999). Behavioural plus Advantage Segmentation At the same time as demographic, geographic and psychographic variables give corresponding depends used for the segmentation of the Internet clients, behavioural variables concentrates going on how to describe the clients concentration plus mail the clients the right letter (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Hassan, Craft Kortam (2003) deliberates behavioural characteristic segmentation like a non-usual segmentation method, because it categorizes customers depend ahead customers buying performance. Intended for the Internet segmentation these variables be able to present information taking place, such as, rate of recurrence of online entrance; shopping performance; stage of cooperativity; plus outline of data look for going on the website as well as another website (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Segmentation of buying performance is capable of moreover contain the scope of management of a manufactured goods, reliability performance with management circumstances (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999). Advantage segmentation is directly associated by way of behavioural segmentation, giving constructive data taking place the advantages a consumer waits for to obtain from making use of the manufactured goods (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999; Vyncke, 2002). These advantages are observed to guide a clients activities. Researchers have the same opinion with the purpose of advantage segmentation gives a precious view keen on the thoughts of the customer (Bhatnagar Ghose, 2004). In the same way, Wu (2001) asserts that advantages required is a useful segmentation variable, while customer first choices intended for the advantages be capable of determined used for one or a few online Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer Abstract The revolution in information technology (IT) and communications has changed the way people do the shopping today. In recent years, increasing online shopping have been using the Internet and other electronic media for their shopping and people are diverted from offline to online. This research paper is based on the how does online shopping change consumer buying behaviour. Specially buying books through the internet. The main aim of this study was to examine if there are any particular factors that influence the online consumer buying behaviour. Primary information was collected from the London School of Commerce students survey because the students usually buy books from online or normal shop. Price, Trust and Convenience were were recognized as significant factors. For the maximum students price is the main vital issue. Moreover, three sectors were recognized, I) High Spenders, II) Price Easers, and III) Bargain Seekers. In the course of these sectors we found a variation of the different factors significance and recognized propositions for online book shops. Keywords: Online Shopping, Consumer, Online Books, amd Buying Behaviour. Acknowledgements Being a part of the academic community is most special. As a master student at the London School of Commerce (LSC), University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC), the author has felt privileged and grateful. The author would like to therefore take this opportunity to express his gratitude to the many people (although it is impossible to list by name all) who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Firstly the author is highly indebted to Tom Reeves (London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) and wish to express his heart felt gratitude for his encouragement and approval of the above topic as a researchable topic. His constructive criticisms, comments and guidance are perhaps the secret behind the standard of this paper. Millions of thanks go to Students of London School of Commerce who helped me to survey the offline questionnaires around the Institute of London School of Commerce. Special appreciation goes to all the staff and tutors of the London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. Especially, Dr. Rajendra Kumar, Dr. Peter McGee, Michael Nieto, Prof. Geoffrey Lancaster, Mervyn Sookun, Ms. Ellie Semsar and Paul Reynolds for your encouragement, inspiration and innovative ideas impacted on me during and after the coursework the author says a big thank you. Finally my father, mother and my family members receive my deepest love and gratitude for their dedication and support for these years. However, the current author would like to make a declaration that this study is an addition to extant literature and was the main contributor of the overall paper. Whenever other peoples work is referred to, they are duly acknowledged. Therefore the author is solely responsible for any error and misrepresentation of facts. Shermim Akter Lucky Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research The development of online has formed a hypothesis transfer of the usual system persons buying. A customer is no longer bound for opening periods or particular places; he is able to turn into dynamic by online whichever moment plus every position as well as buy products or facilities. Online is a comparatively latest means for contact as well as data swap, which has turned into present within our daily existence. Expansion into e-commerce potential is far-reaching through the international world as well as trade has completely been transformed exactly to these online improvements. Separately as of this viewpoint of its outcome, it as well spreads its effectiveness/ influence on other characteristic of human performance, which generate prospect intended for further improvement as well as regeneration. Khosrow Pour (2006), describes that, e-commerce (EC) ground is a varied one, connecting a lot of performance, business components, plus technologies, as well as it includes a structure of lots of substance between which is customer facilities. Peter Rucker (2002) in (Turban et al., 2004 plus 2006) describes e-commerce like a global sharing means intended for commodities, facility as well as astonishingly intended for administrative plus specialized work. Is intensely varying money matters, he described, marketplaces plus manufacturing configuration, products plus facilities as well as their runs ; customer segmentation, customer importances plus purchaser activities. Moreover lots of reviewers described electronic commerce like the entire automatically intervened operation among an association plus any third party it transactions through (Chaffey, 2004, Pg. 7). Turban et al., (2006) within his more description, alleged e-commerce is able to be noticed as of the viewpoint of contact, facility, business education and so on. We are able to monitor that the entire the explanations heats along to the similar viewpoint of what electronic commerce is regarding. E-commerce the same as we require to identify is a broadly considered matter. It includes a lot of features which contain; Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Business (C2B) etc., however present research is intended for focusing its highlighting happening Business to Consumer. Business to Consumer (B2C) is the mainly increasing one where corporations execute trade by means of customers in the Internet. A main achievement issue of Business to Consumer is locating what customers wish within words of facility, superiority, as well as cost (Turban et al., 2008). Online shopping is the method customers attempt in the course of while they choose shopping taking place online. As a result, online has improved to a very reasonable marketplace, where the rivalry more than the customer is violent. With the purpose of include an effect taking place as well as maintain customers, within a reasonable marketplace, Constantinides (2004) declared that the initial movement is recognizing particular affecting characteristics while buying in the Internet, these are able to be considered as issues. The objective of this research is to build up plus operate a form describing as well as guess implementation of the Internet customer look for plus buying performances depend taking place a combination of effectiveness maximization hypothesis plus customer acceptance assumption that deliberates inspirations (distinguished improvement) developed from the Internet search / buy as well as prices connected by the Internet search / buy. 1.2 Rationale of the Research The purpose of the research is mainly recognizing with acquire close by into what key issues the Internet customer gets into consideration while buying books in the Internet, since books are the most usually purchased product in online (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online-Forschung e.V. [AGOF e.V.], 2007). Moreover, in this research will examine if any divisions are able to be recognized with recognizing the customers and how these divisions communicate to the recognized issues. The findings of the present study will be summarized as suggestions for the Internet book sellers with the purpose of improve their customer information as well as build up their Internet marketing strategy efficiency. 1.3 Significance of the Research The business-to-consumer is the largely noticeable trade kind of e-commerce. Internet shopping permits corporations giving product data as well as straight transactions to their customers. With the intention of successfully make customers believing electronic commerce plus Internet dealings, readily available an vital require recognizing the issues which effect customer behaviour on the way to carry on consume of Internet dealings. The benefits of Internet shopping dealings are renowned. The largest part general motivations designed for customers shopping in the Internet are convenience, wider choices, reasonable costing, as well as bigger entrance to data. Conversely, Internet transactions quantity even now stays on comparatively small evaluated to alternative transaction types. Many earlier studies have illustrated that apparent causes contain protection plus confidentiality matters, be short of awareness by the medium, as well as the appropriateness of products to be retailed. In reality within the B2C e-commerce, a customer has the twice function of the product buyer plus information technology (website) client. To the shopper within electronic commerce, the website technique is a complete demonstration of the shopping. Such as, a number of well-known Internet purchasing websites (eBay, Amazon etc.) greatly based on information technology (IT) within their trade approaches. Within the majority usual corporations, were brick and mortor trades are performed customers accomplish operations through face-to-face, telephone, report administrators, persons etc. On the contrary, nowadays trade everywhere the planet is at present worldwide, the purchaser boundary within electronic surroundings is display-to-face communication method which insists a machine denotes of Personal Computer depend screens, ATM devices, personal Laptops and many more electronic tools to talk about some. As a result, online is the only communication systems among the company and the clients, therefore it situates huge liability taking place the company to acquire as well as characterize the consumers knowledge, for the reason that there is frequently no opportunity intended for straight individual involvement for the period of meeting. Thus it provides a path in support of a enquiry, which is; Does this line provide like a certain path to disclose costs which be able to also influence c ustomers as well as finish buy with no trouble? Furthermore, how do these corporations which are ease within cost (modified/make specially, perform auctions, trades advertising) Internet vary from corporations which provide steady/permanent pricing systems? 1.4 Aims Objectives To identify the suitable cause that drive consumer to purchase books online; To give a organized and complete evaluation of online consumer buying behaviour; To analysis the exact reasons and charges have on books search and purchase decisions between Internet shoppers global; To suggest an integrated outline that improves our understanding of the fundamental motivating issues of online book consumer behaviour; To give directions used for future investigate in online consumer buying behaviour area. 1.5 Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of this research is to describe how online shopping manipulates consumer buying behaviour for buying books online. There are lots of matters related to this srudy question; however we will simply focus on buying books online. The study problems we plan to answer are: What key issues influence the Internet consumer while considering and creation for buying through the Internet? How do these issues manipulate the consumer when buyinging books in the Internet? What type of parts can be found in the recognized consumers when buying books in the Internet? What is the link by means of the recognized issues and consumer division groups? 1.6 Signposting of the Study Chapter One: Introduction In this chapter the background, rationale and significance of the research will be explained. There are also aims objectives, purpose research questions will be presented. Chapter Two: Related Literature This chapter provides relevant existing theories and models of online shopping and consumer buying behaviour as well as a model modified by the author. The working model builds upon the presented theories and is used as a foundation for the following analysis. Chapter Three: Research Methodology Strategy In this chapter, the research methodology strategy is presented. The research approach that has been adopted in order to answer the research questions and to meet the purpose is described and motivated. The research methods used in this work are as well described and discussed. Chapter Four: Data Analysis Result In this chapter the results of both the qualitative and quantitative research are presented. The results will follow the outline of the working model. Brief companies overviews are also presented. Chapter Five: Conclusion This chapter includes the conclusions of the research as well as reflections for recommendations, a discussion of the limitations and suggestions for further studies. Chapter Two: Related Literature Brief Narrative of E-Commerce While online developed into commercialised plus clients were gathering to take part within the World Wide Web (WWW) during the near beginning 1990s the word e- commerce was invented. E-commerce functions earliest expanded during the 1970s through modernization for example electronic finance shift. Afterwards the electronic data interchange (EDI) occured. The EDI expanded the band of taking part corporations since economic organization to producers, sellers, facilities, as well as other kind of trade (Turban et al., 2008). The cause to why it was executed was for the reason that it was an easy means to automatise buyings. Separately since with the intention of, it was a useful means to permit shops to connect their dealers to their collection record. This needs a costly confidential network link among the two business associates (Percival Straunik, 2001). Instructively, the development of e-commerce contains three cohorts. The initial cohort linked computers linked as well as records can be transmitted from one computer to a different computer. For the duration of the next cohort, the latest equipment as well as online prepared it achievable used for together corporations as well as customers buying taking place through the online. For the period of final cohort dissimilar value chains were associated to one another. Then business societies developed as well as reserves where mutual similar to the computer designed for preparation manufacture record (Fredholm, 2002). E- Commerce is a structure of the Internet trade connections which preserve be present during the entire means of purchasing plus retailing. The opportunity of electronic purchasing as well as retailing turned into a feasible alternative designed for more or less every company moreover e-commerce developed into general within commerce terms. Expected to this attractiveness lots of corporations started on the bandwagon with obviously presenting their facilities in the Internet; nearly all of the website to all intents and purposes gives information on the products they retailed (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002) Because the continuation of E-commerce developed big, its improvement ended to stay in the borders of purchasing as well as retailing of customer commodities. It has pushed leading administrators to rethink the means of a trade utilizes technology intended for improved achievement. Therefore, the www has problemed the denotation as well as importance of information plus technology which guided to an assessment of the connection among the two. Such as trade can discover it benefits to deal information like within the case of priceline.com (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002). The beginning of e-commerce as well engages the exploit of inter technologies. This technology is applied to improve an infrastructure, whose outcome permits a corporation dividing its information sources by trade associates as well as customers together on a home as well as worldwide stage. Through these technologies corporations moreover present better facilities plus issue them getting reasonable benefit. To this outcome, the majority corporations at present as well as days observe the want reconsidering their objectives, re-originate trade system, and also set up latest methodologies in respect to prospects plus confronts within other to take part into e-commerce. Hoque (2000) inside (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002) explained a corporations alteration during the online era like a developmentary means of four stages, which are brochureware, e-commerce, e-business, with ultimately e-enterprise. As said by Bandyo Panhyay, the brochureware period taking place during the midpoint of the 1990s while plenty of corporations bring in website which was no further than an electronic list. Since the past, a number of corporations have shifted up the range at the same time as a number of others continued fixed on the primary stage, simply like the organization of a functioning infrastructural makes the structure used for a corporations tour during this stage. He preceded more to describe e-commerce age like the commencement of the dotcom time with the B2C trade forms. This phase was noticeabled through the propagation of activate for example ebay.com and amazon.com which penetrated the Internet trade global retailing product plus facilities straight to customers, as well as a number of other corporations pursued match. On the other hand, it was a challenge to make a web existence plus formulate stipulation intended for value added facilities with the purpose of support, trade on the Internet, as well as continue a strong consumer base. Business Network, the manufacturing syndicate of corporations which apply, support plus construct e-commerce results in the online described e-commerce that the apply of online to change trade connections which walks off distant ahead of purchasing as well as retailing in the Internet. Within this meaning, information is capable of moreover be divided inside and transversely companies restrictions, latest connections are improved among trades plus over and above among trade plus consumers. Plenty of companies started to observe the prospective of the online used for B2B functions also this was what began the e-business age by means of a force in the direction of technological apply to make stronger central part trade systems. Now like lots of companies started to observe information like a most important trade source as well as regarded as its administration like one of the majority significant purposes. Moreover corporations realized to concentrate on information as well as awareness administration like a necessary factor of over the entire goals of their trades. Within expected route, improvement information with communications technology reserved rapidity during an endeavour to maintain this latest period. For the period of this phase, lots of corporations started to use the viewpoint of e-business constructing a trade form essential to maintain together B2B as well as B2C functions. Business Network named this phase the enterprise stage; where the online technologies are applied to carry out B2B trade performance essential to maintain their main proficiencies with giving the Internet consumer facilities which is characteristically of B2C e-commerce. Through the closing stages of twentieth century, lots of big corporations for example banks went into this age. Afterwards by means of improve during development of technology as well as trade form, swift changes within trade situatio n occured. For this reason, B2B corporations will more and more acclimatize their organization communications within the bricks and mortal system to accept a B2C form taking place one hand moreover B2C corporations will broadened their beliefs of customer focused form including B2B performance in contrast (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002). Several Trade Forms of E-Commerce Since described before, e-commerce taking place the foundation of online is put to develop into a important means of performing trade, but latest array of electronic commerce nowadays are being guided into a lot of divisions of the business used for B2B, B2C as well as Business to Public Administration (B2P) (Paul Timmers 1998). Also, he described that a trade form is a structural design used for commodities, facilities plus information flows, together with an explanation of the different areas, prospective advantages of different trade areas plus income resources. Since the watchings of online trades, information with technology facilitates a broad series of trade forms, technology gives no direction intended for choosing latest forms other than its improvement be capable of guide to characterization of latest forms, as a result the ability of circumstances of the skill technology rise like a decisive factor to form choice. Enlisted plus described under, are several trade forms expr essed via Paul Timmers (1998). E Shops E Shops are observed like a web advertising surroundings used for corporation by the use of online. Within the majority situations, this is prepared to support the corporation, its commodities plus facilities provided through the corporation. Further to corporations performance, there is prospect to entrance manufactured goods, costs, command plus disburse. Within this logic, there will be growth necessitates, a small price way to worldwide existence, furthermore price discount during promotions with auctions. As a result, customers preserve advantage decrease /different costs evaluate to usual deal. Because of this reality, there will be broader preference, cluster of information plus ease of choosing /optimizing cost. Also, purchasing as well as shipping together with 24/7 facilities is prepared obtainable. Within the majority situations retailers income are from cut down price of manufactured goods, enhance deals plus marketing, consequently for this reason there is require intended for costs to be flexible so transactions be able to be boosted. Cases of corporations which manage e-shops are; ebay, Amazon etc. Third Party Market This mould is appropriate while corporations desire to put down the network advertising to a 3rd party market. Within this situation, they recommend a customer interface to the providers manufactured goods list where they include attributes similar to; brand name, cost, payment, logistics, instructing as well as especially the complete range of protected business deal. Every customer who desires to buy manufactured goods at a third party market will have right of entry to complete information starting the primary retailer. A case of third market supplier is Fedex who delivers desirable quality orders plus lots of things. Virtual Society Virtual Society corporations usually offer surroundings where associates who are customers include their data after making buys. This data provides like the final importance of virtual socities corporations. Instructively, these corporations are able to be attached to another marketing operator with the purpose of construct consumer reliability, reactions as well as criticism (Hagel et al., 1997). Amazon is a case of a virtual corporation who transactions going on books as well as other goods throughout the online. Latest facilities plus opportunities of other trade forms such as electronic malls, partnership stage and so on are consequences of further roles of virtual corporations. Value Chain Facility Supplier This form focuses on particular roles used for the value chain for example electronic payments. Banks, such as include put themselves within this form quiet previously. Moreover, latest approaches are rising within manufacture / reserve organization where by, intermediaries suggests concentrated plus fin tuned manufacture to corporations. A model of value chain facility supplier is UPS (www.ups.com) E Auctions Electronic auction is not only observed like a form other than is furthermore observed like a costing system within active costing method. It presents an execution of bidding system. E Auctions are capable of came with through multimedia appearance of manufactured goods plus costs. Mainly frequently, they are confidential to this particular conclusiveness which as well contains combination of the bidding system through dealing payment plus shippment. Thus it provides enormous advantage to equally dealer plus purchasers with reduction time as well as price perhaps, intended for shipping in anticipation of the transaction has been well-known. Customer observe it like way formulating buy, for the reason that separately from the period it accumulates it them provides a chance to set out used for the manufactured goods by the cost they be capable of manage to pay for. Business to Consumer (B2C) E-commerce Business to consumer e-commerce (B2C) among other types of e-commerce is the majority growing one all over the place companies implement business through consumer with the assist of online. However a little feature of business to business (B2B) is demotes to altercation among business plus customers. Cases of corporations which manage their trade through this type of Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce are; eBay, Amazon etc. Within this characteristic of e-commerce, the entire transactions performances, customer hunt, frequently ask questions (FAQ) are normally pursued in the Internet (Jeffrey et al., 2001). Lots of corporations have been capable making bigger their trades within an effective means in online, although several in point of fact have vanished keen on economic failure. Within another expression, B2C EC can furthermore be described like the idea of selling plus e-tailing, which involves transactions of commodities with facilities to particular customers in the Internet. Online, corporations attempt policies to flexible costing system which may possibly be applied within arriveing at customers, huge amounts to be accurate. As a result, one of these systems is index transactions which since the past are one of the matured ways exercised via corporations to perform transactions. Index transactions modified to customer recommend customers assistance since the confine of room plus period, as well it at no cost sellers, beginning the require of material shops by which they be capable of allocate goods. Selling carried out through online is entitled electronic retailing (e-tailing) which be able to be performed by way of auctions. It formulates it simpler in support of producers to trade straight to customers elimination intermediary. For instance corporations suppose Amazon, ebay, Abebooks, wal-mart etc. are keen on straight to customer online trade (Turban el at. 2008). These online corporations apply various systems to tell information of goods to customers plus these systems improves how adaptable they are within costs between other items. Furthermore, the central part information of these corporations communicates particularly to trade deals, such as information connected to combine of manufactured goods plus costs wished via customers. Therefore, this integrative information provides like a connection among sellers and customers. The information of goods that are retailed to customer does not merely improve buyings it as well provide corporations a concept of customer purchasing tendency. Through the concept corporations will aim for additional/improved business moreover consequently develop rising the goods plus costs are executed. Within other to profit from taking place the prospective of the online, active bricks plus mortal moreover index letters command corporations require to change their integrative information by their execution of costs on manufactured goods plus the whole corporation administration altogether. Past history used for B2C achievement investigated through earlier period researches highlight biased customers at every movement of their communication by way of EC. Suitable entrance to information within the method of buying is recommended within the sharp stage of Simons choice formulating form (Butler and Peppard 1998). While customers discover Internet shopping to be suitable, period well-organized plus cost discount consumers will be pleased by means of the common usefulness plus good organization of online buying means. Now when consumers will discover buying knowledge flattering if Internet sellers are reactive to costs separation, assessment, anxious plus dependable for the period of shopping system plus consequent relations among consumers (Paul et al., 2000). Pricing Matters Pricing matters during buyings is a reason, which has not to be taken too lightly; a number of studies put down additional importance happening another issue, which improves buyings with provide small or no concentration to pricing. The involvement of manufactured goods information carries a great deal of characteristic factor basis going on the particular customer. Within another word, it based on what the customer observes like significant concerning the data of manufactured goods that provides a primary desirability for shopping. After that, the value is one more feature to control or provide like a first choice, relatively bring about the customer to buy. Consistent with Morris and Paul (2000) within their study, they described about price, which is a factor of purchasing choice, which cannot be neglecting. They extended more describing with the purpose of a factor is positioned additional significant than price during creation buyings choice, afterwards it worth is measured to b e a prerequisite used for buying, except if the factor is positioned not as much of significant than price, at that time suitable array be capable of observed like first choice relatively that conditions. Therefore, price is a common determinant mainly designed for customers, who are price responsive. At present, the majority online corporations have observed the requirement to build prices like flexible as far as they are capable. Companies perform this, with planning plus pricing manufactured goods by means of modification, auctioning, advertisings etc., within a system that corresponds customers require/wish plus in consequence provide consumers prospect to create first choice. These really provide their trade a importance. If the data of goods retailed are extremely rotated to customers concentration, in that case, there is a great deal of pricing flexibility (Shapiro et al., 1999). Behavioural plus Advantage Segmentation At the same time as demographic, geographic and psychographic variables give corresponding depends used for the segmentation of the Internet clients, behavioural variables concentrates going on how to describe the clients concentration plus mail the clients the right letter (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Hassan, Craft Kortam (2003) deliberates behavioural characteristic segmentation like a non-usual segmentation method, because it categorizes customers depend ahead customers buying performance. Intended for the Internet segmentation these variables be able to present information taking place, such as, rate of recurrence of online entrance; shopping performance; stage of cooperativity; plus outline of data look for going on the website as well as another website (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Segmentation of buying performance is capable of moreover contain the scope of management of a manufactured goods, reliability performance with management circumstances (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999). Advantage segmentation is directly associated by way of behavioural segmentation, giving constructive data taking place the advantages a consumer waits for to obtain from making use of the manufactured goods (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999; Vyncke, 2002). These advantages are observed to guide a clients activities. Researchers have the same opinion with the purpose of advantage segmentation gives a precious view keen on the thoughts of the customer (Bhatnagar Ghose, 2004). In the same way, Wu (2001) asserts that advantages required is a useful segmentation variable, while customer first choices intended for the advantages be capable of determined used for one or a few online
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