Safeway Supermarket Essay Essay Example

Safeway Supermarket Essay Essay Safeway Company has policies that require employees to smile at and do oculus contacts with clients. Most of the clients would see this sort of facial gestures as a friendly manner of making concern. but some clients might misconstrue them as a â€Å"flirt† . Twelve employees had filed ailments about this â€Å"Superior Service† policy and found it unethical for the company to hold clandestine shoppers to descry if there is any lawbreaker. This led to Union to acquire involved and suggest the company to modify the policy. However. the central offices disagreed that the policy was the cause of the misinterpretation. And they think it is necessary to develop their employees to be friendly and holding the right attitude to function their clients. Analysis of the Case We will write a custom essay sample on Safeway Supermarket Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safeway Supermarket Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safeway Supermarket Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Due to the â€Å"Superior Service† Policy implemented by Safeway. clients have two typical letter writer illations on the employees:* Positive: A friendly manner of making concern.* Negative: Employee purpose or effort to chat up with the clients. Although the instances of clients holding a negative letter writer illations on the Safeway Employees is little nevertheless it was a major concern which lead the Union to be involved and accordingly the Policy to be abolished. Q1. How. specifically. is the procedure of ascription illustrated in this instance? Causal Attribution is study on the causes of behaviour based on the followers: * Internal: based on actions for which the person is responsible. * External: based on state of affairss over which the person has no control. Majority of the clients are utilizing Positive letter writer illations to associate the employees to be friendly. The internal causes might be the employees are friendly. helpful and socially natured persons. On the other manus. the external causes might be the employees need to purely follow by the Policy of implemented by Safeway. Culture and norm practiced in Safeway. fright of being sent of Smile School. portion of their KPI and Job Descriptions. Certain clients are utilizing Negative letter writer illations to associate the employees to be coquettish. The internal causes are likely due to the â€Å"Easy going† and â€Å"very social† personalities of the employees. On the other hands the external causes are due to the enlisting and choice procedure in Safeway. the civilization of the company. The negative letter writer illations might be due to the following perceptual prejudices:* Fundamental ascription mistake* Halo consequence* Similar-to-me consequence* First feeling mistake* Selective perceptual experience* Pigeonholing Q2. What do you supposed is being done to assist develop people to be friendlier toward clients? In other words. what would you conceive of goes on in Safeway’s â€Å"Smile Schools† ? Learning is procedure where a comparatively lasting alteration in behavior happening as a consequence of experience. Operant Conditioning is the signifier of acquisition in which people associate the effects of their actions with the actions themselves. Normally the behaviours with positive effects are acquired whilst the behaviours with negative effects tend to be eliminated. Observational Learning is the signifier of acquisition in which people get new behaviours by consistently detecting the wagess and penalties given to others. For Safeway to efficaciously develop the employees to be friendlier. a assortment of developing techniques should be used. Either the preparation should be conducted officially in category in the Smile School and later via on occupation preparation. The Smile School categories should include developing on basic communicating accomplishments. recognizing accomplishments. client relationship accomplishments. Role Play should be included as an effectual manner to integrate the transportation of cognition and accomplishments of the engagement. support of the cognition acquired. Participant can associate to existent life experiences and trainers can measure defects and supply feedback. One of the Role Play should include scenario how to manage hard client under assorted state of affairss. The formal preparation and on occupation preparation would supply both positive and negative support. Positive support is the procedure by which people learn to execute behaviours that lead to the presentation of desired results while negative support is the procedure by which people learn to execute Acts of the Apostless that lead to the remotion of unsought events. Training should be conducted uninterrupted and ongoing so that it will be a uninterrupted support in which all desired behaviours are reinforced. Reinforcement should avoid penalty and should merely be used penalty as the last resort. The aim of penalty is diminishing the unwanted behaviour by following it with unwanted effects. Q3. Describe what you believe might be the progressive subject measure outlined in the warning missive to unfriendly Safeway clerks. Once preparation has been completed and the desired results still have non been reached. Safeway could follow taking progressive subject stairss as illustrated in the diagram below: It is a systematic and progressive method to reenforce the coveted consequence. The coveted consequence and the defects must be communicated decently. Written warning must spell out what is required from the employees. what are the defects. what action will be taken and the effects.

Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior

Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior Topography is a term used in applied behavior analysis (ABA) to describe behavior- specifically what behavior looks like. Topography defines behavior in an operational way, free of the coloration of values or expectation. By describing the topography of behavior, you avoid many of the problematic terms that find their way into definitions of behaviors. Disrespect, for example, is more often a reflection of the teachers reaction than the students intent. By contrast, the phrase refusing to comply with a direction would be a topographical description of the same behavior. The Importance of Topography Clearly defining the topography of behavior is especially important for creating appropriate interventions for children whose disabilities are in part defined by behavior, such as emotional and behavioral disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. Teachers and administrators without extensive experience or training in dealing with behavioral disabilities often overreact and create more problems by focusing on the social constructs surrounding misbehavior without observing the actual behavior. When they do so, these educators are focusing on the  function of a behavior  rather than its topography. The function of a behavior describes why the behavior occurs, or the purpose of the behavior; whereas, the topography of the behavior describes its form. Describing the topography of the behavior is much more objective- you are simply stating objectively what happened. The function of the behavior tends to be much more subjective- you are trying to explain why a student exhibited a certain behavior. Topography Versus Function Topography and function represent two very different ways of describing a behavior. For example, if a child throws a tantrum, to explain the topography of the behavior, it would not be enough for a teacher to simply say the child threw a tantrum. A topographical definition might state: The child threw herself on the floor, and kicked and screamed in a high-pitched voice. The child did not make physical contact with other individuals, furniture, or other items in the environment. The functional description, by contrast, would be open to interpretation: Lisa became angry, swung her arms and tried to strike other children and the teacher while screaming in that high-pitched voice she often uses. Each description could be defined as a tantrum, but the former contains only what the observer saw, whereas the latter includes interpretation. It is not possible to know, for example, that a child intended to injure others through a topographical description, but paired with an  antecedent, behavior, consequence (ABC)  observation, you may be able to determine the function of the behavior. It is often helpful to have several professionals observe the same behaviors and then provide both functional and topographical descriptions. By observing the antecedent- what happens immediately before the behavior occurred- and determining the function of the behavior as well as describing its topography, you gain additional insights into the behavior that you are observing. By combining these two methods- decribing the topography of a behavior and determining its function- educators and behavior specialists can help chose a replacement behavior and create an intervention, known as a  behavior intervention plan. Loaded Descriptions Versus Topography To truly understand how topography might describe a behavior, it can be helpful to look at loaded (emotionally tinged) descriptions of a given behavior versus topographical descriptions (objective observations).  Behavioral Learning Solutions  offers this method of comparing the two: Loaded Description Topography Sally got angry and started throwing items during circle time trying to hit others with the items. The student threw items or released items from her hand. Marcus is making progress and, when prompted, can say â€Å"buh† for bubbles. The student can make the vocal sound â€Å"buh† Karen, happy as always, waved goodbye to her teacher. The student waved or moved her hand from side to side. When asked by an assistant to put away the blocks, Joey got mad again and threw the blocks at the assistant trying to hit her. The student threw blocks on the floor. Guidelines for Topography of a Behavior When describing the topography of a behavior: Avoid value-laden descriptions, such as good, best, and bad.Describe as much of the behavior as you can in as objective a manner as possible.Ask another professional to observe the behavior and review the topographical description.Set aside time to observe the behavior more than once.   The topography of a behavior may also be referred to as the operational definition of behavior.

Sacro-Occipital Technique (SOT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sacro-Occipital Technique (SOT) - Essay Example Similarly, he attended the Nebraska College of Chiropractic where he obtained a degree in 1924. He studied the works of leaders in both osteopathic and chiropractic professions incorporating his engineering background because he felt that there were contradictions within the professions. He divided his time to both the practice and researching the principles of chiropractic techniques until his death in 1992.This technique was developed by Major DeJarnette during his years in patient care and research while seeking chiropractic treatment. This method was designed because of the need to assist the chiropractor to locate and correct a distortion in the primary pattern of the body. The procedures used in diagnosing Sacro occipital techniques are classified into three categories namely; category one, category two, and category three. Category one occurs due to subluxated or misalignment of sacro- iliac joint. This misalignment leads to titling the sacrum and rotation of the hip. Titling of sacrum eases the ability of pumping making cerobro- spinal fluid to circulate ineffectively. This inefficiency leads to increase in toxin in the nervous system and lack of nutrients. Category one indicators arise due to the reduction in functioning of nerve system and might affect numerous organs and tissues in the body. The other assessment procedure is done by diagnosing category two. This category occurs due to stretching of sacro-iliac joint leading to separation of joint surfaces. This disrupts the spine right up position, nervous system and body balance. There is a disc which is located between the spinal vertebrae and their main function is spacers between bones and shock absorption. In case the body is working ineffectively the spaces they lead to alteration of the discs, which might irritate the nerves. In correction of category one misalignment, chiropractor is supposed to use two blocks which he or she

THE LOTTERY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE LOTTERY - Essay Example In this case, Jackson questions this tradition implicitly by stating that the villagers are not very conscious about the actual lottery but still continue to conserve its tradition (Jackson 7). The writer reveals how rationalizing such a primal tradition makes it difficult to view any rituals involved as anything but hypocritical. As a result, only readers can see the madness of this tradition by the villagers. The theme of tradition is very applicable today. Much emphasis and emotional value is placed on yearly celebrations such as Christmas and New Year’s Day. On top of these emphases, consumerism marks both traditions and impairs any rational judgment required to rethink their rue values to society. Christmas today cannot be celebrated without overindulging in shopping behavior and bodily consumption to the extent that shoppers get violent when products sell out in stores. I think society’s blind adoption of excessive consumption during Christmas as a tradition allows it cover its ears to any logic and has ultimately become part of its

Museum Visit 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum Visit 1 - Assignment Example The mesmerizing sculptures were a depiction of life different from the modern world. Hence, these sculptures and portraits are the reminder of the people and civilization which was prominent, powerful, victorious and alive, but don’t existent anymore (" Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University") The work which intrigued me most was the Mummy Mask of a Lady whose artist was unknown and which belonged to 7th-6th Century BCE. Funeral ceremony in ancient Egypt included sculpted masks tradition, which was made for the deceased person to strengthen his spirit for the afterlife sake. Hence, these burial masks contained specifications in engraved form of a deceased person. Prominent Royal Family Members wore burial masks with specifications of their rank, status, gender, beauty and personality attributes. Thus, youth, beauty and royalty were the evident features of such masks. Ancient Egyptians believed that spirits can recognize its body through the mask. Moreover, death was a transitional process for them, a journey from one life to the other. Therefore, these masks were considered to be objects which had a power to turn a mortal into divine state. Masks hold significant position in the prevailing society as well. Thus, these invisible masks are often worn on daily bases, as available in the form of hypocrisy, selfishness, greed, lust and many more. In the prevailing society the aim of these masks, is to attain wealth. However, the ancients wore masks to become immortals. Since, there is a lack of agreement of life after death in the prevailing society therefore, people wore mask to gain material benefits only in this life. The Mummy Mask of a Lady transcended me into a different dimension of time. A time where funerals took over 70 days, mask of a deceased was a symbol or verification object to enter into another life with an identity. The peculiar features of the mask embossed the status of the deceased, in a life; which was over for him. However,

An Assessment Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay

An Assessment Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay Nowadays, we are in a highly dynamic and competitive business globe. Hencea key person or top management of any organization tries to earn a larger share of the existing market. In such an environment, Information Technology (referred to henceforth as IT) and Information Systems (referred to henceforth as IS) would sharpen the business process and smooth the functions of the day-to-day operations. Although there are number of software or ISs are available in an organization, Human Resources Information System (referred to henceforth as HRIS) is the only system which takes care of human capital of the organization. Therefore, it is very important to have an effective and efficient HRIS and it should be maintained properly. Especially, infrastructure of the telecommunication organizations should be consisted with innovative technologies to cater quality service through their satisfied staff. Human Resources (referred to henceforth as HR) Department should pay more attention to achieve the desires of internal customers such as employees, middle managers and senior managers. According to the pilot survey, nearly all the employees in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC are using HIRS which has been implemented island wide. Existing users are facinga lot of system issues such as outdated, incorrect, inconsistent data, less reliability and user-friendliness, low performance, insufficient user training and most importantly poor contribution in making decisions. Theseissues mightheavily affectthe companys HR functions. The main objectives of this study are to assess the effectiveness of existing HRIS implemented in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC and identify its implications, advantages of introducing Online Performance Appraisal System (referred to henceforth as OPAS) to support the Strategic Human Resource Management (referred to henceforth as SHRM) in same organization context. To achieve the above objectives, the researcher has to address different aspects and various categories of employees and all managerial and technical difficulties in using the system, user trainings, inaccuracy of data, and use of web base sub sets of HRIS, etc. Conceptual Background Main focus of this section is to describe the main concepts which would be used in the entire research study. What isHuman Resource Information Systems? Tannenbaum(1990, p. 27) defines that Human Resource Information System is the system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve and distribute related information regarding an organizations human resources.Nowadays, HRIS functionality includes corporate communication, recruitment, selection, training, employee opinion survey, compensation, payroll services and employee verification as well as general information (NgaiWat 2006). Same time HRIS assists HR professionals to focus on human capital analysis, but simply having more information does not automatically lead to a better analysis (Roehling et al. 2005). HRIS is an important tool for many businesses. Even the small office needs to realize the benefits of using HRIS to be more efficient. Normally,HR system should provide the capability to plan, control and manage HR costs more effectively; achieve improved efficiency and quality in HR decision making; and improve employee and managerial productivity and effectiveness. They also provide centralized location for company policies, announcements, and links to external URLs, reliable communication processes and save paper by providing an easy-access. There are two types of IS for HR Professional. The software available as web-based and desktop based. More popular some HRIS modules are: Recruitment Attendance and Leave Organization charts Employee self-service (Employees can update personal information and view benefits selections, absence transactions and payroll information) Automatic alerts Benefits Administration (Save paper and postage, take weeks off the benefits open enrollment period, reduce administration time, and improve data accuracy) Training and developments What is Human Resources management? Human Resources management is the process of managing human capital in organizations in a systematic and structured manner. This covers the job analyses, planning, recruiting the right people for the job in right time, managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, training and development, performance evaluation, resolving disputes, and communicating with all employees within the organization. What is the Performance Appraisal System? The Performance Appraisal System (referred to henceforth as PAS) is a software program which provides the facility to evaluate an individual employees performance and productivity link with objectives of the organization and pre-defined criteria in systematic way. Generally, performance appraisal interview is conducted once a year. Some companies have implemented mid-year review to monitor the progress of achieving individual targets. In the process of PA interviewing supervisor provides feed back to the employees, recommend trainings, and discuss compensation, disciplinary decisions, or job status. Performance management systems would align and manage organizations resources in order to achieve corporate goals through highest possible performance. What is the Strategic Human Resource Management? The strategic human resource management is relationship of strategic goals and objectives of the organization, with human resources in order to increase productivity, flexibility, to develop organizational culture and competitive advantage. HSRM involves as a strategic SHRM partner to achieve corporate goals through human resources functions such as employee selection, recruitment, carrier development, benefit management, etc. Main features of SHRM: There is a precise relationship with overall organizational strategic goals and HR policies and practices. HR management delegates much of their responsibilities down the line. There are some organizing schemas linking individual HR interventions mutually supportive. Contextual Background This section covers the current context of the research study in brief. A pilot survey was conducted to identify the contextual background of the Sri Lanka Telecoms (referred to henceforth as SLT) HRIS and used a semi-structured interview guide line to interview six senior managers who are attached to the HR group and other user group who are involving implementation and currently using the HRIS. Through the pilot survey the researcher has identified the problems of the context. Furthermore, SLT Annual reports were referred to in order to identify their policies and practices and also Telecom Management Information System (hereinafter referred as TMIS) documents such as user guides, architecture, diagrams were referred. At present,Sri Lanka Telecom is the leading Telecommunications Service Provider in Sri Lanka. For the first time SLT introduced a HRIS in year 2000 through a local company. It included very basic HR functions and facilitated simple operations. However in year 2005 the system was upgraded and currently using new version which has many automated HR processes keeping up-to- date employee records such as payroll, Attendance, personal information, training and development, benefit management, etc. Chief Officer Human Resource (referred to henceforth as CHRO) of Sri Lanka Telecom stated that SLT had spent around 30 Million LKR for Telecom Management Information System to upgrade the entire HR system in 2005. Although, SLT is paying approximately 1.5 million LKR for the annual maintenance of HRIS there are some technical and managerial issues available. Most of the users who are using existing system face lot of -issues such as out dated, incorrect, inconsistent, information less reliability and user-friendliness, low performance, insufficient user training and especially poor contribution in decision making. Human Recourse activities are very important for any organization to carry out their day to day business activities. As displaying in Figure 1.1, there are twenty sub modules are available in TMIS and it starts from employee recruitment to termination.HR processes include HR planning, exam assessment information, recruitment, Employee Information Manager, transfers, promotions, payroll, bonus, training development, attendance leave, disciplinary, welfare benefit management (e.g. loan, housing loan, medical reimbursement, circuit bungalow reservations, quarters allocation). Module Overview of the Telecom Management Information System C:UsersSLTUSERDesktopTMIS Diagrams.jpg Figure 1.1.HRM Enterprise Module Overview.Reprinted from TMISV2 System Architecture Document (p.11), by Hsenid Business Solutions,2005. Reprinted with permission. Research Issue Although, Sri Lanka Telecom PLC has been using the existing Human Resources Information System for the last decade, there is no sufficient improvement in human resource management and it does not support the strategic decision making. Furthermore, manual performance appraisal stem is not contributed to the strategic human resource management effectively and efficiently. Purpose of the research The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of existing Human Resource Information System implemented in Sri Lanka Telecom Public Listed Company (referred to henceforth as PLC)and to understand weather existing sub systems and web-based applications are supported to the strategic human resource management adequately. Especially HRIS should be contributed to the decision making in human resource management. Outcome of this research would contribute to the body of knowledge by filling existing gap in strategic human resource management of HRIS at SLT studies by analyzing senior HR mangers, middle HR mangers and senior officers of other user groups who are engaged in human resources group as well as Human resources information system. This study would determine the advantages of online performance appraisal system further for strategic human resource management at Sri Lanka Telecom PLC. Significance of the Study All employees are using SLT HIRS in their day-to-day activities to fulfill various individual, operational and managerial requirements. Currently, SLT has implemented the HR system island wide (All groups, divisions in head office and regional offices). Most of the users who are using existing system face lot of issues such as out dated, incorrect, inconsistent data, less reliability and user-friendliness, low performance, insufficient user training and most importantly poor contribution in making decisions. which might affect the operations relating to the HR matters such as salary, overtime (OT) and Bata payments, maintaining employee master records, attendance, leave and benefit management (Issuing loan, medical reimbursement, etc..)etc. Therefore, it is necessary to have an assessment of all subject modules in existing HRIS and identify the advantages of automating the performance appraisal system (referred to henceforth as PAS). We have to gather ideas from different aspects, and various categories of employees including senior managers. All managerial and technical difficulties in using HRIS, training requirements, inaccuracy of data, barriers to maintain up to date records, use of web base sub system, etc., need to be addressed. It is also necessary to assess existing HRIS and its relevance to the strategic human resource management in line with the organizational HR goals. Objectives and Research Questions Table 1.1 Objectives and Research Questions of the Study. Objectives Research Questions To identify the features of HRIS What is HRIS? What are the features of HRIS at SLT? To evaluate the existing HRIS for Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) How existing system is supported to strategic human resource management? How web-based applications are useful to strategic human resource management at SLT? To identify the advantages of Online Performance Appraisal System (OPAS) for Strategic Human Resources Management(SHRM) at SLT What is performance appraisal system? What are the advantages of online performance appraisal system for strategic human resource management at SLT? Note. Researchers work Research Method and Design Research approach The researcher uses deductive approach since general quantitative data would be moving to the particular situations of organizations. Time horizon Researcher gathered data one time interviewing from senior managers in a pilot survey and through e-mailing the research questionnaire to the sample group within the SLT. Therefore, time horizon is cross sectional. Population, Sample Sample Techniques All employees in SLT have been considered as population. Sampling process of the research is based on the stratified random sampling technique. Data collection methods and procedures 1. Semi-structured interviews Six interviews were conducted with senior managers in SLT based on semi-structured interview guide line. 2. Questionnaire Research questionnaire was designed using the liker scale method and e-mailed to the sample group. 3. Journal articles and work papers Journal articles and work papers were used to find out more information on previous research work relevant to HRIS, HRM, PAS and SHRM. 4. SLT annual reports and TMIS documents Annual reports and TMIS documents were referred. Internet / web sites Refer online journal articles, text books, etc. Scope of the study / Delimitations Existing HRIS contains twenty separate modules to provide HR practices such as Human Resource Planning, Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, Time and Attendance, Disciplinary, Payroll, Welfare and Performance Appraisal, etc. SLT HRIS is same as traditional HR services which provided conventional HR systems in other organizations. Four out of twenty modules (Recruitment, HR Planning, Exam Assessment and Disciplinary) are not being using and Performance Appraisal module is not yet implemented. In this study, researcher hopes to evaluate the existing HRIS and its usefulness for strategic human resource management and identifies the advantages of sophisticated On-line Performance Appraisal System which will improve the strategic human resources management at SLT. Organization of this dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction -This chapter contains the background of this study, research issue, significance of the study and its objectives. Literature survey would be discussed under chapter 2 which include spats studies and their findings. It also highlights the existing gaps in body of knowledge and discovers the potential contribution of the current research to fill the gap. Mainly, chapter 3 explains the Research Methodology of the study which includes research philosophy, approach, strategy and conceptual framework of this research. Conceptual framework is developed identifying context of the study. Furthermore, select the suitable statistical methods to analyze the data. The researcher elaborate the results and present using appropriate graphs, charts and tables using statistical software packages would be consider in Chapter 4 called Data Analysis. Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations Point out the observations, findings of this study and highlights the future researches for the potential researchers. Chapter Conclusion This section briefs the facts of the entire research study. Present business world is very competitive and running with the state-of-the-art technology. Many organizations use Information Systems in four levels (strategic level, management level, knowledge level and operational level) in their day-to-day operations. HR Department uses HRIS for the workforce management. However Human Resource Information System implemented in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC has lot of issues, such as insufficient user training and less supportive for the decision making at each organizational level. Therefore, main objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of existing Human Resource Information System in SLT and its usefulness for Strategic Human Resource Management to identify the advantages of Online Performance Appraisal System which will advance the Strategic Human Resources Management at SLT. Outcome of this research would contribute to the body of knowledge by filling existing gap in strategic human resource management of HRIS at Sri Lanka Telecom PLC.

The Androgyne in Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The Androgyne in As You Like It       The androgyne is a strong figure that mentally joins the female and male characteristics together as one (American Heritage). Androgyny does not only refer to the physical senses it also refers to the cultural and social aspects of daily life. There are two main types of androgyny that were applied during the Renaissance which are referred to as mythic and satiric androgyny (Orgel, 38). Satiric androgyny mainly deals with "feminized male figures and unfixed, unstable individual identities, and is essentially negative," (Hermaphrodites, 1). Mythic androgyny consists of "cross-dressers, water imagery and the fluid individual identity, and is essentially positive," (Hermaphrodites, 2).    As You Like It is based on the concepts included in Mythic androgyny. We find that Rosalind dresses as a man after she is banished from the court, yet her actions continue to revert back to her female characteristics. Her disguise would be considered cross-dressing and her changing could be considered as being the fluid individual identity. The fluid individual identity is a way of saying that she changes her own identity. When Rosalind is talking with Celia or Touchstone, she takes on her female identity, but when Rosalind talks with Orlando she takes on the male identity of Ganymede.    As You Like It starts out in the court, where Rosalind in a female dressed as a female, and Orlando is a male dressed as a male. Rosalind is being treated like a woman and she clearly acts like one. She attends the wrestling match, where her uncle, Duke Frederick, asks her and Celia, her cousin, to try on talk Orlando out of participating in the match. This is the point when Rosalind and Orlando meet, coerce, and begin having feelings for each other. Orlando does in fact defeat Charles, the Duke's wrestler. In this situation, Rosalind is portraying a female with typical female characteristics and Orlando is carrying out his male characteristics. In the court, they are in there true societal roles, but once they enter the forest of Ardenne those roles are dramatically changed.    "The androgynous woman literally incorporates the independence that the male was designed to exemplify prior to the introduction of woman, but the male who depends on a woman becomes effeminate and is perceived as missing something in the outline of maleness," (Rose, 25). While in the forest of Ardenne, Rosalind is dressing in and taking on the male persona.

Skull Beneath the Skin

The avowed aim of the crime fiction genre is a quest for justice for the victims of crime. This is driven by our fears and desires. It is the moral responsibility of the detective to solve the crime, and see that moral order is restored. As humans we have an innate sense that justice must be served; the quest of the detective becomes ours as well. Murder, being the ultimate crime reflects our fear of death and our desire to see moral retribution. It is part of the human condition to understand the world around us and from this desire stems an existential anxiety and a fear of the arbitrary and inexplicable cruelty of fate. Life is fraught with moral ambiguities. Appropriately the title the skull beneath the skin refers to the fact that death is ever present lurking beneath the surface just as a skull hides beneath the face. P. D James challenges the traditional conventions of the crime fiction genre. She clearly incorporates a combination of intuitionist, realist and hard-boiled styles of Crime fiction and even explicitly draws attention to these by intertextually referencing other crime works such as Marlowe, Webster and Shakespeare. In her novel James transforms the simplicities and crudities of the old- fashioned detective story, which usually approach the plot as an intellectual puzzle of â€Å"whodunit†, into a modern detective story concerned with psychological truth and the moral ambiguities of human action. The classic detective story rests on the fundamental idea that â€Å" the good will triumph and the bad will be punished†, leaving the reader with a reassurance that justice will be served. However, James’s subverted approach to the genre demonstrates realism as depicted by the moral ambiguities and the relative nature of truth. The novels unsatisfactory approach to reality is effectively utilized in her plot, which mirrors a cynical modern awareness that life is not necessarily just or fair. For example, we are morally ambiguous about Simons’ murder of Clarissa, we see it as provoked and justified and we sympathise with him. James offers us an enigmatic ending rather than any restoration of justice or social order- it is unclear to the reader whether or not Cordelia will be able to prove Ambrose’s is guilt or whether he will be brought to justice. Her readers recognize that in reality there is no stable, secure or protective refuge against evil or murder Despite the fact that PD James sought to elevate crime fiction into literature, she does conform to the conventions of attributing motives to a number of suspects. This tangle of motivations creates an atmosphere of suspense and intrigue for the reader, allowing her to delve into the psychological truth of her characters. This complexity of plot and character is consistent with James’s view of the detective genre. This technique engages the audience enabling them to identify with the detectives quest to find those responsible for the murder so that order can be restored. James goes to a lot of trouble to establish the possible motives for Clarissa’s murder. Clarissa is detested be everyone, due to her egotism, faithlessness and manipulative personality. This alienates everyone involved with her, giving each person a strong motive for menacing her with notes containing death quotes and later for murdering her. Tolly, her devoted assistant has reason to resent Clarissa. Clarissa denies Tolly the right to see her dying daughter, as it would interfere with her performance of Macbeth. Ironically, Clarissa was playing Lady Macbeth, but she herself was possessed of evil. Courcy Island is an artifical environment of the egotistical dream of Ambrose Gorringe. It is a world of Victoriana with Macabre memorabilia, such as the marble arm of the princess, which even repels the antique dealer when handling it because â€Å" it reminds me of death†. This setting is a microcosm of British high society, with its servility rituals such as fancy dinner parties and constant maid service. These rituals act as a facade and a disguise for feelings, motives and human flaws. The society at Courcy contrasts vividly with the simplicity and morality of Cordelia, who is happiest locating lost cats in her detective agency, â€Å" Animals didn’t torment themselves with the fear of death†¦ they didn’t burden you with their psychological problems.. they didn’t surround themselves with possessions†. Conversely James’s novel is very concerned with all three of these human flaws. In traditional detective fiction, the setting is an essential part of story. It is not only a backdrop for the action but also creates atmosphere and helps provide clues that are necessary in the investigation. Typical of the Intuitionists text, Courcy Island is a classic closed setting physically and socially cut off from the outside world, which can only be accessed by boat. In this respect the investigation is limited to a certain location and group of people, creating an atmosphere of fear and suspense, intensifying the sense of immanent threat- â€Å"Here on the southern shore where the mainland couldn’t be seen, it was easy to imagine that the island was totally lost at sea.. †. Crime fiction is often set in a hostile world, which appears dangerous and threatening. In the novel, this danger is alluded to by the awareness of the characters of its violent and bloodstained history including its chambers of horrors and its morbid past of murders, plagues and tortures, â€Å" They saw the skulls at once. One whole wall was patterned with them, a grinning parade of death†. As Cordelia begins her investigation she learns many dark secrets and we as an audience realize that the occupants of Courcy Island may go to extreme and violent measures to protect these secrets. Not only does this indicate danger in the past, it alludes to danger in the present. These factors of setting combine with the references to the fear of death, which permeate the novel, give it a macabre atmosphere. In the modern world we are continually faced with images of death in our everyday lives. We feel our powerlessness in the face of death, and this fear haunts human existence. Thus the reader finds comfort in seeing murderers brought to justice. Ironically, when Gorringe is finally exposed as the murderer, we have no such assurance from James that justice will prevail. Clarissa’s fear of death verges on the paranoid, giving us the title of the novel. She tells Cordelia, â€Å"I always see the skull beneath the skin†. This fear is exacerbated by the death notes she receives with their well-known quotations focusing on fears, judgments and the inevitability with death. â€Å" On pain of death let no man name death to me â€Å" (Brachiano’s words from The White Devil). These references become ominous motifs and help build the sinister atmosphere. They are ultimately the reason Cordelia is called upon to watch over her-â€Å"Cordelia felt their potent and nostalgic power†. James makes even the physical environment of the Island become part of a deathly ambience: † Outside the accumulated heat†¦ like a sweaty fumed soaked blanket.. utting of air†. Finally, Cordelia fails in her assigned task to prevent the murder of Clarissa and is indeed threatened herself with death. This realism is typical of James’s non-idealized approach to detective fiction genre. Cordelia is not a super sleuth who triumphs in the punishment of the perpetrator. She is meticulous and thorou gh in her procedure of the investigation. However, she is exhausted by the psychological complexities and lacks the consolation of knowing that the perpetrator will be punished. She welcomes the new cases of lost cats. This is almost a sense of anti-climax in the context of detective fiction. Her incursion into the world of psychological complexity has confronted her with the fear of death and the quest for justice. However she is happy to suspend herself from this intimacy with death and to resume a humble existence. Much of our lives consists in appreciating the mundane. Therefore, we to have to suspend the fear of mortality, as well as the desire to understand â€Å" the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune†.

Free Essays on Is Africa The Dark Continent

use. One such forum is www.genealogyforum.rootsweb.com. More information dispelling another myth of the name is www.theglobists.com. Most people frequently use the word Africa, not only for the continent, but as a common denominator for 50 countries, 720 million people and 1000 languages. A huge number of religions, tribes and groups of people each with a very different history. We also use terms like "African culture", "African music" or "African religion" even though there is no single culture, music or religion in common for all of the countries/regions. "Africa" is not an African word. The origin of the word is still a little uncertain, but it is credible to see a connection from Latin (Africa = sunny) and Greek (Aphrike = not cold). The Romans were the first to use the name. For them it covered Tunisia and the most northern parts of Algeria and Libya. Egypt was already known territory, but further South was unknown land. Around 2,000 years ago "Aethiopia" seems to have been used to describe the land found south of Sahara, but Europeans later used "Africa" to describe the entire continent. This is why we began to see Africa one land with only one kind of people. Strangely enough it changed from the land of sunshine and warmth to "the dark continent". It has always been comfortable and easy for Westerners to see Africa as a whole. Africa used to be somewhere far away with dark skinned people, having customs so different from our own. A land of fairytales or sometimes horror. Today we are a bit wiser, but it still seems like an impossi... Free Essays on Is Africa The Dark Continent Free Essays on Is Africa The Dark Continent Originally using â€Å"Africa† as a key word to search on the net, and individual will come across over 800 different websites. Mostly the websites will deal with weather, safari’s, and politics. If one digs deeper they will eventually come across the knowledge that there are some websites explaining the â€Å"Truth†. These websites mostly come in forums and then in the definitions of the words use. One such forum is www.genealogyforum.rootsweb.com. More information dispelling another myth of the name is www.theglobists.com. Most people frequently use the word Africa, not only for the continent, but as a common denominator for 50 countries, 720 million people and 1000 languages. A huge number of religions, tribes and groups of people each with a very different history. We also use terms like "African culture", "African music" or "African religion" even though there is no single culture, music or religion in common for all of the countries/regions. "Africa" is not an African word. The origin of the word is still a little uncertain, but it is credible to see a connection from Latin (Africa = sunny) and Greek (Aphrike = not cold). The Romans were the first to use the name. For them it covered Tunisia and the most northern parts of Algeria and Libya. Egypt was already known territory, but further South was unknown land. Around 2,000 years ago "Aethiopia" seems to have been used to describe the land found south of Sahara, but Europeans later used "Africa" to describe the entire continent. This is why we began to see Africa one land with only one kind of people. Strangely enough it changed from the land of sunshine and warmth to "the dark continent". It has always been comfortable and easy for Westerners to see Africa as a whole. Africa used to be somewhere far away with dark skinned people, having customs so different from our own. A land of fairytales or sometimes horror. Today we are a bit wiser, but it still seems like an impossi...

Free Essays on The Dust Bowl

The 1930’s Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s took place in the southwestern Great Plains region of the United States. While it lasted for merely a decade, its extreme conditions and impacts still affects people today. Numerous causes attributed to the beginnings of the massive and destructive Dust Bowl. Overproduction of wheat served as the storm’s main cause, over 12 million bushels of wheat existed in the United States. In 1915 3,000 tractors existed in the entire state of Kansas later, by 1930 the tractor quantity grew to 60,000 (Dustbowl np). Yearly, the farmers planted wheat on the same soil without thinking of any long-lasting damage done. Over plowed, the millions of acres of grasslands in the Great Plains turned the once nutritious soil into a fine unprotected dust (Bonnifield np). Eventually at the end of 1931, extreme droughts began. The lack of rainfall and extreme winds developed into â€Å"black blizzards†, where a wall of dust and smoke turns midday into night. Life turned into a struggle for almost all families located in the southern Great Plains, especially farmers (Bonnifield np). Children began to wear facemasks to serve as protection from the pungent smoke and women strung wet sheets over windows to stop the dust and dirt. A mass migration of families began, "Okies and Arkies" traveled west to California with their families, desperately searching for work. Farmers tried desperately to plant, but without water and nutritious soil, the windstorms swept their crops away. John Steinbeck accurately sums up the migration of the dustbowl in the Grapes of Wrath on page 317, "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, carav ans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless... Free Essays on The Dust Bowl Free Essays on The Dust Bowl The 1930’s Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s took place in the southwestern Great Plains region of the United States. While it lasted for merely a decade, its extreme conditions and impacts still affects people today. Numerous causes attributed to the beginnings of the massive and destructive Dust Bowl. Overproduction of wheat served as the storm’s main cause, over 12 million bushels of wheat existed in the United States. In 1915 3,000 tractors existed in the entire state of Kansas later, by 1930 the tractor quantity grew to 60,000 (Dustbowl np). Yearly, the farmers planted wheat on the same soil without thinking of any long-lasting damage done. Over plowed, the millions of acres of grasslands in the Great Plains turned the once nutritious soil into a fine unprotected dust (Bonnifield np). Eventually at the end of 1931, extreme droughts began. The lack of rainfall and extreme winds developed into â€Å"black blizzards†, where a wall of dust and smoke turns midday into night. Life turned into a struggle for almost all families located in the southern Great Plains, especially farmers (Bonnifield np). Children began to wear facemasks to serve as protection from the pungent smoke and women strung wet sheets over windows to stop the dust and dirt. A mass migration of families began, "Okies and Arkies" traveled west to California with their families, desperately searching for work. Farmers tried desperately to plant, but without water and nutritious soil, the windstorms swept their crops away. John Steinbeck accurately sums up the migration of the dustbowl in the Grapes of Wrath on page 317, "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, carav ans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless... Free Essays on The Dust Bowl In the early 1900's, times were hard for people. Recovering from the first world war, where an overproduction of goods led to an extreme surplus of goods. This caused prices on goods fall dramatically. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. Contrary to it’s name, the Great Depression wasn’t really all that Great. America was poverty-stricken, and suffering. There was a shortage of food, money, and everything else needed to make a living, and provide for a family. To make any money, farmers had to produce more and more crops to survive at the same rate as they were before the United States entered the war. This led to the extreme use of, and over producing on the land. All the grasslands were plowed to make way for more crops. The rich, fertile soil of the Great Plains region was destroyed. These elements when added to the fact that during the late 1920's and throughout the 1930's, the United States Great Plains Region was an era plagued by scorching droughts, and heavy but short rainy seasons. During the winter, the soil just washed away without any plant roots to provide a foundation. When the Summer months came, the Central region of the United States recieved so little rain. The winds would come across the plains, and just pick up the once-fertile top soil and blows it up and into the atmosphere. These winds would pick up so much dust that there were opaque clouds of it that hung in the sky for days at a time. Called â€Å"Black Blizzards† the dust would then be blown around by the westerly winds that average a constant 15 miles per hour. As it settled back down to the barren earth, it would cover everything in layers and drifts just like it would in a snowstorm. This included the crops of the determined farmers who had worked so hard for the harvest. The dust would blow for days at a time. The dust would seep into the homes of people and create layers of dust upon everything. Several people actually died from ...

Segmentation and Target Market Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Segmentation and Target Market Paper - Essay Example Per year it is selling around 10 billion energy drinks. To increase the profitability of the company and to expand its customer base Monster Energy is presently targeting young adults and teenagers for selling its products. The energy drinks and juices of this company contain different ingredients like caffeine, herbal extracts, taurine, and vitamins B. Monster energy produces such energy drink which falls into the category of functional beverages. The company Monster Energy supports many sports activities and events like BMX, skateboarding, eSports, snowboarding etc. The firm promotes many music brands like The World Alive, Shinedown, Asking Alexandria, Maximum the Hormone etc around the world. Monster Energy drink has become very popular in different countries of the world. In the present time the company has expand its market which helped to expand its customer base and increase its target market. Earlier Monster Energy sold its product only in United States. At that time Athletes were its primary customer. Then all its energy drink was sold to a particular group of people having specific interest. But in the present time lifestyle of people have changed a lot. Many people are consuming different types of energy drinks and health drinks as their daily food products. This is one of the important reasons of expanding the market of Monster energy by targeting new customers. The company is presently targeting young teenagers around 20- 28 years. Both of male and female genders are included in this firm’s target market. The products of Monster Energy drink are previously targeted to male people. But now a day’s its products are also targeted to female customers. The organization’s target market comprises of the customers who are belonging from middle class and upper class of the society. They are having sufficient income to afford the products of Monster Energy Company. Its target market also

Women Work and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women Work and Family - Essay Example There are a number of women in reformatory who willingly stop considering their toddlers telling them they are in sanatorium or in public holiday (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007: 297). It has been viewed that the mothers of young toddlers can be condemned for going out mingling with more so than the fathers of these toddlers (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007: 249). The majority women must settle on whether to work for compensation even as mothering or construct mothering their only communal role. Often this choice is depicted in terms of whether they will be "stay-at-home" and most probably "full-time" mothers, or "working mothers" and consequently ones who plan out salaried work above care-giving. Contingent within this edifice is womens bodily site too—either lady is at residence or job, not both. Dillaway and Pare (2008) discover frequent conceptualizations of stay-at-home against functioning motherhood, as confirmed by feminist family erudition and latest media substances (Dillaway and Pare, 2008: 437). The designation of ‘Father’ may be average, but the elements of being a nice father are no matter which but incomparable. Fathering, like mothering, is one strong, never-let-positive, high-strain job. It’s worthwhile, but just as frequently it can be intimidating, mystifying, and maddening! Luckily, there are a lot of fathers out there doing a grand work of living up to the consecrated faith they’ve obtained by rearing toddlers. Good fathers set out far away from just fetching home the bread. They offer poignant support and societal assistance. They have to stay back at home because the mothers are working mothers. Moreover, money may be a cause as working mothers need to keep caretakers for their children, thus, as a parent, a father can take more care of his child rather than a caretaker. Thus, fathers prefer to stay back at home. They dedicate endless time and vigor to children’s wellbeing. When parenting, nice